Psych Sections 8.3,8.4,8.5,8.7,8.10

Front 1

Genetics:

Back 1

is the science of heredity

Understanding how genes transmit human characteristics

Front 2

DNA:

Back 2

is a very special kind of molecule

consists of two very long sugar-phosphate strands, each linked together by certain chemical elements called amines or bases arranged in a particular pattern

Front 3

Gene:

Back 3

found in DNA and is certain sequence of these amines

Front 4

Chromosomes:

Back 4

are rod shaped structures where genes are found

found in the nucleus of the cell

Front 5

Autosomes:

Back 5

22 pairs that control most characteristics

Front 6

How many chromosomes do we have and where do we get them from?

Back 6

46, 23 from both mom and dad

Front 7

Sex Chromosomes:

Back 7

two chromosomes of the pair that determine the sex of a person

X female Y male

Front 8

Dominant:

Back 8

genes that are more active in influencing traits

Front 9

Recessive:

Back 9

genes that tend to recede, or fade, into the background when paired with a more dominant gene

Front 10

Polygenic inheritance:

Back 10

process that more than one pair of genes controls almost all traits

Front 11

Most traits are:

Back 11

polygenetic

Front 12

Genetic disorders carried by recessive genes are expressed:

Back 12

when a child gets two recessive genes

Front 13

Down syndrome:

Back 13

a disorder in which there is an extra chromosome in what would normally be the 21st pair.

Front 14

Klinefelter's syndrome:

Back 14

the 23rd set of sex chromosomes is XXY, with the extra X producing a male with reduced masculine characteristics, enlarged breasts, obesity, and excessive height

Front 15

Terner's syndrome:

Back 15

the 23rd pair is actually missing and X so that the result is alone X chromosome

these females tend to be very short, infertile, and sexually underdeveloped

Front 16

Fertilization:

Back 16

when an egg and sperm unite

Front 17

Zygote:

Back 17

the result of fertilization

single cell that will have a total of 46 chromosomes

Front 18

Monozygotic twins:

Back 18

twins who are commonly refered to as "identical"

meaning that two babies come from one fertilized egg

Front 19

Dizygotic twins:

Back 19

if two eggs are fertilized the woman will give birth to "faternal twins"

Front 20

Conjoined twins:

Back 20

occurs when the mass of cells does not completely split apart during the twinning proccess

Front 21

Germinal period:

Back 21

first 2 weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down the the uterus and begins to implant in the lining

Front 22

Embryo:

Back 22

once firmly attached to the uterus, the developing organism is called an embryo

Front 23

Embryonic period:

Back 23

will last from 2 to 8 weeks after conception, and during this time the cells will continue to specialize and become the various organs and structures of a human infant

Front 24

Critical periods:

Back 24

times during which some environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant

Front 25

Teratogen:

Back 25

any substance such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that can cause a birth defect

Front 26

Fetal alcohol syndrome:

Back 26

aserious of physical and mental defects including stunted growth, facial deformities, and brain damage due to consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

Front 27

Fetal period:

Back 27

a period of tremendous growth lasting from about 8 weeks after conception until birth

Front 28

Full-term birth occurs around:

Back 28

end of 38 weeks

Front 29

Miscarriages are most likely to occur:

Back 29

in the first three months

Front 30

Reflexes:

Back 30

a set of innate, involuntary behavior patterns

Front 31

Immediately after birth:

Back 31

body systems start to function

Front 32

Sensory development includes:

Back 32

touch, taste, and smell that are well developed

Front 33

Hearing is ___________ but not ___________

Back 33

functional but not fully developed

Front 34

What is the least developed sense for a baby?

Back 34

vision

Front 35

Rods are ________________, cones take about______________

Back 35

functional, cones take about 6 months to full develop

Front 36

Tempermant:

Back 36

the behavior an emotional characteristics that are fairly well established at birth

Front 37

"Easy Babies"

Back 37

are regular in their schedules of waking, sleeping, and eating and are adaptable to change

happy babies and when distressed are easily soothed

Front 38

"Difficult Babies"

Back 38

are almost the opposite of easy ones.

tend to be irregular in their schedules and are very unhappy about change of any kind

loud, active, and tend to be crabby rather than happy

Front 39

"Slow to warm up babies"

Back 39

associated with infants who are less grumpy, quieter, and more regular than difficult children by who are slow to adapt to change

will warm up slowly to new people situations

Front 40

Attachment:

Back 40

the emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver

Front 41

Secure attachment style:

Back 41

willing to get down from their mother's lap soon after entering a room with their mothers. explored happily, returning to their mothers every now and then

Front 42

Avoidment attachment:

Back 42

somewhat willing to explore

did not look at the stranger or the mother and reacted very little to her absence or her return,

seeming to have no interest or concern

Front 43

Ambivalent:

Back 43

clinging and unwilling to explore, very upset by the stranger regardless of the mother's presence

Front 44

Self-concept:

Back 44

is the image that you have of yourself

Front 45

Erikon's theory:

Back 45

-suggest that development occurs in a series of eight stages

- at each stage and emotional crisis must be successfully met for normal development to occur

Front 46

Cellar-clock theory:

Back 46

cells are limited in the number of times they can reproduce and repair damage

Front 47

Wear and tear theory:

Back 47

the body's organs and cell tissues simply wear out with repeated use and abuse

Front 48

Free radical theory:

Back 48

latest version of the wear and tear theory

in that it gives a biological explanation for the damage done to cells over time

Front 49

Free radicals:

Back 49

are oxygen molecules that have an unstable electron

Front 50

Activity theory:

Back 50

Proposes that an elderly person adjusts more positively to aging when remaining active in some way

Front 51

Stages of death and dying:

Back 51

denial

anger

bargaining

depression

acceptance

Front 52

(8.3)

Amines:

Back 52

are organic structures that contain the genetic codes for building proteins that make up organic life

(hair coloring, muscle, skin, etc)

Front 53

(8.3)

The last pair of chromosomes determine:

Back 53

the sex of humans

Front 54

(8.3)

Diseases inherited by 2 recessive genes:

Back 54

cystic fibrosis

sickle cell anemia

tay sachs disorder

phenylketonuria

Front 55

(8.3)

Ex of chromsome disorders:

Back 55

downsyndome

klinefelter's syndrome

turner's syndrome

Front 56

(8.4)

Mitosis:

Back 56

the splitting of cells

2 then 4 then 8 etc

Front 57

(8.4)

Placenta:

Back 57

specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away baby's waste

Front 58

(8.4)

Umbilical cord:

Back 58

connects the organism to the placenta

Front 59

(8.4)

The most important cells:

Back 59

stem cells

Front 60

(8.4)

During the fetal period the teratogens will mostly affect:

Back 60

organs rather than other types of development

Front 61

(8.5)

Preferential looking and habitution:

Back 61

ways to study what infants cant tell us

Front 62

(8.5)

Preferential looking:

Back 62

assumes that the longer an infant spends looking at a stimulus the more the infant prefers that stimulus

Front 63

(8.5)

Habitutation:

Back 63

the tendency for infants to stop looking at a stimulus that doesnt change

Front 64

(8.5)

Examples of motor development:

Back 64

raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up, crawling, walking

Front 65

(8.5)

Brain development:

Back 65

born with over a 100 billion neurons

rapid growth occurs as brain triples in weight from birth to age 3

caused by : new dendrites, axon terminals, etc

Front 66

(8.5)

Synaptic pruning:

Back 66

unused synaptic connections and never cells are cleaned away to make for function connections and cells