Psych Review

Front 1

Top Ten Learning Tip #1:

Attention

Back 1

Focus- Aim at one thing. Adding other things to your studies can disrupt your goal.

Avoid- Make use of memory aiding tools. Write down notes or look them up

Reduce- Make your study goal less, as it'll be easier to absorb.

Front 2

Top Ten Learning Tip #2:

Bits

Back 2

Joseph Jacob: 1887, one of the first to study digit span

George Miller: Found that the magic number is seven, plus or minus 2

Front 3

Top Ten Learning Tip #3:

Chaining

Back 3

- Forward Chain: Example: Four score and seven years ago
- Backward Chain: Example: That gov. of the people, by the people, and for the people shall now perish from the earth.

Front 4

Top Ten Learning Tip #4:

Don't Forget

Back 4

- Storing things in memory is more easy to do than putting them in

- The practice of retrieving something will make it easier to remember

Front 5

Top Ten Learning Tip #5:

Distributed Practice

Back 5

Practice consistently to keep the material fresh in memory.

Front 6

Top Ten Learning Tip #6:

Encoding Specificity Principle

Back 6

Match the environmental conditions from when you learned something.

Tulving & Thompson - Usefulness of a retrieving cue will be based on the nature of the initial encoding

Barclay - Test: People received the sentence: "The man lifted the piano". They gave a retrieval cue of: "something heavy" and it helped him remember.

Front 7

Top Ten Learning Tip #7:

Switch Tasks when tired

Back 7

Keppel and Underwoord (1962)
- Learn several lists of words
- Performance decreases
- Switching categories results in performance increase

Front 8

Top Ten Learning Tip #8:

Aim Higher

Back 8

-Teach someone else or practice with a harder version of what you're doing.

Front 9

Top Ten Learning Tip #9:

Overlearn

Back 9

Confidence precedes competence

Front 10

Top Ten Learning Tip #10:

Warm Up

Back 10

Prime yourself with the subject material

Front 11

Aristotle (384-323 BC)

Back 11

3 Laws of Association:

similarity, contiguity, opposites

Front 12

Descartes (1596-1650)

Back 12

2 classes of behavior (dualism)

Voluntary=free will

Involuntary= reflexes

Front 13

John Locke (1632-1704)

Back 13

No innate ideas.

Empiricism: ideas originate with sensory experience

Front 14

Thomas Hobbes (1588- 1679)

Back 14

-Hedonism determines voluntary behavior

-Pursue pleasure, avoid pain.

-Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

Combines two theories:

- Charles Lyell's dynamic view of earth
- Thomas Malthus' struggle to succeed in business is the result of scarce resources

Front 15

Francis Galton (1822-1911)

Back 15

-intelligence is a singular factor
-people are varied in intelligence

Front 16

George Romanes (1848-1894)

Back 16

-saw himself a disciple and worshiper of Darwin

-sought to prove with logic Darwin's concept of continuity between humans and animals

- subjective vs. objective analyses

-behavior is the ambassador of the mind

-intelligence is the ability to learn

-anecdotal evidence

-analogous

Front 17

criticisms of anecdotal evidence

Back 17

events witnessed by only one person.

story embellishment

coincidence

bias to report behaviors that appear intelligent

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