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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the stages of prenatal development? |
Conception, Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal |
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Temperament is made up of? |
Mood, activity level, emotional reactivity |
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Piaget's cognitive developmental stages |
1) Sensorimotor Period (0-2 years) 2) Preoperational Period (2-7 years) 3) Concrete Operational Period (7-11 years) 4) Formal Operation Period (11+ years) |
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1) Sensorimotor Period |
-Coordinates sensory input w/ motor action -learning object permanence (idea that an object exists even when hidden) |
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2) Preoperational Period |
-Progress in symbolic thought, but many shortcomings persist, such as: -conservation -Centration (focus on 1 feature) -Egocentrism (cannot think about others viewpoints) -Irreversibility (cannot ündo" things) -Animism (belief that all things are living, like one's self) |
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3) Concrete Operational Period |
-beginning of mental manipulation of objects |
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4) Formal Operational Period |
-increase in abstract and scientific thinking |
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Kohlberg's stage theory(ies) of moral reasoning |
1) Pre-conventional Level 2) Conventional Level 3) Post-conventional Level |
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1) Pre-Conventional Level |
-Stage 1: Punishment orientation -Stage 2: Naive reward orientation |
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2) Conventional Level |
-Stage 3: good girl/good boy orientation -Stage 4: Authority orientation |
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3) Post- Conventional Level |
-Stage 5: social contract orientation -Stage 6: Individual principles and conscious orientation |
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Attachment Theory |
thought that attachment to mothers was not simply because they fed the children, also later morphed into showing biological factors |
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Erikon's stages of Identity Development |
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation Stage 7: Generativity vs. Self-absorbtion Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair |
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-Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust |
-1st year of life -basic needs met -> strong attachments, optimistic, and trusting -if not met is the opposit |
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-Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
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-2-3 years -child starts to take responsibilities -goes well -> sense of autonomy -doesn't go well -> sense of shame and self-doubt |
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-Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
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-3-6 years
-overcontrolling -> guilt -support independence w/ controls -> maintain sense of initiative and respect |
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-Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
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-6-puberty
-effective social functioning -> tend to start valuing achievement, sense of accomplishment -difficulty in social realm -> sense of inferiority |
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-Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion
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-Adolescence
-who am I? |
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-Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
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-early adulthood
-navigating can lead to development of empathy and openness |
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-Stage 7: Generativity vs. Self-absorbtion
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-middle adulthood
-developing a concern for future generations |
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-Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair
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-late adulthood -meaning and satisfaction in life |
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Sociocultural Theory |
-cognitive gains are learned through interaction |
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-Zone of proximal development |
-skills too difficult for a child to master on his/her own, but that can be achieved w/ guidance |
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Puberty (onset around 13) |
-menarche (females), spermarche (males) -secondary sex characteristics develop -gender-based social expectations intensify |
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Emerging Adulthood (around 18-35) |
-do you feel you're an adult? -Cultural differences -generational differences |
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Adulthood and aging |
milestones of adulthood differ between individuals, now more than ever. Include: cohabitation, adjusting to family life, physiological changes, cognitive changes, dementia |
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Big 5 Factors |
Openness to experience E Contentiousness A Extraversion OR C Agreeableness N Neuroticism O |
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Defense Mechanism |
1) Repression 2) Projection 3) Displacement 4) Reaction Formation 5) Regression 6) Rationalization 7) Identification 8) Sublimation |
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-Repression |
keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious |
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-Projection |
attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another |
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-Displacement |
diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target |
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-Reaction Formation |
behaving in a way that is exactly opposite from one's true feelings |
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-Regression |
a reversion to immature patterns of behavior |
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-Rationalization |
creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior |
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-Identification |
bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group |
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-Sublimation |
Channeling unconscious, unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or admirable activities |
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Freud's Psychosexual Developmental Stages |
1) Oral Stage 2) Anal Stage 3) Phallic Stage 4) Latency 5) Genital Stages |
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1) Oral Stage
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-Approx. Ages -> 0-1 -Erotic Focus -> Mouth (sucking, biting) -Key Tasks & Experiences -> weaning (from breast or bottle) (according to Freud fixation at this stage could lead to obsessive eating or smoking later in life) |
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2) Anal Stage
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-Approx. Ages -> 2-3
-Erotic Focus -> Anus (expelling or retaining feces) -Key tasks & Experiences- Toilet Training (according to Freud problems with this, toilet training, could lead to other problems later in life if done "wrong") |
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3) Phallic Stage
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-Approx Ages -> 4-5
-Erotic Focus -> Genitals (masturbating) -Key tasks & Experiences -> identifying with adult role models; coping with Oedipal crisis (according to Freud Oedipal complex is when children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent) (thought they had to get through this or other aspects of childs development wont progress as they should) |
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4) Latency Stage
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Approx. Ages -> 6-12 Erotic Focus -> none (sexually repressed) Key tasks & Experiences -> expanding social contacts |
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5) Genital Stage
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Approx. Ages -> Puberty onward Erotic Focus -> genitals (being sexually intimate) -Key tasks & Experiences -> establishing intimate relationships; contributing to society through working |
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What do behaviorists say personality is? |
- collection of response tendencies resulting from prior reinforcement or punishment |
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What is self-efficacy? |
-belief that you can perform a behavior successfully |
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Freud's structural and topographical model |
Id- primitive, instinctive component that operates according to the pleasure principle Ego- guided by reality principle, which seeks to delay gratification of the Id's urges until appropriate Superego- moral component that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong |
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Jung's Analytic Psychology |
emphasized the unconscious , proposed that the unconscious consists of 2 layers. -Personal Unconscious- houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness bc it has been repressed or forgotten -Collective Unconscious- is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past -Archetypes- emotionally charges images and thought forms that have universal meaning |
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Adler's Individual Psychology |
- Striving for Superiority- a universal drive to adapt, improve one's self, and master life's challenges -Compensation- involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities |
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Mischel |
focused attention on the extent to which situational factors govern behavior -said that people make responses that they think will lead to reinforcement in the situation at hand |
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Humanists: Rogers and Maslow |
Rogers- person-centered theory (emphasizes self-realization through sensitivity training, encounter groups, and other exercises intended to foster personal growth) Maslow- hierarchy of needs |
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Twin Studies |
shows that many personality traits are largely inherited |
