Psych Of Cognition: Exam 1

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introspection

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a careful examination and description of one's own inner mental thoughts and states
-not very accurate
-aristotle thought this was the only way to study thinking
*Wurzburg school was dedicated to introspection

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behaviorism

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an approach to psychology that emphasized a rigorous experimental approach and the role of conditioning in learning
-central figure was John Watson
-emphasizes stimulus and response

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watson

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-wanted to make psychology and experimental science
-he argued that the best way to do that was to carry out experiments in laboratory conditions

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Skinner & Verbal Behavior

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-most influential behaviorist of all
-focused on operant conditioning
-we learn to produce responses through reward or punishment

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what does operant conditioning fail to do?

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account for complex human cognition
-also ignores all internal mental and physiological processes

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Tolman

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-was prominently against the behaviorism
-did studies with rats proving that they indeed had internal processes

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Connectionism

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using computers to understand how the brain works
-many drawbacks

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Ebbinhaus

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was already studying the brain

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Noam Chomsky

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critiqued skinners work
-first person to discuss accurate ideas of language acquisition

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what is the frontal lobe associated with?

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higher processing
-language and reasoning
-planning
-motor functioning

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what is the temporal lobe associated with?

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language & memory
-auditory and perceptual processing
-involved in facial recognition

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what is the occipital lobe associated with?

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vision

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what is the parietal lobe associated with?

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touch

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experimental cognitive psychology

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looking at behavior to make assumptions about the brain

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cognitive neuroscience

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what is the brain doing

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cognitive neuropsychology

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looking at patients who have damage to the brain

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what side of the brain is responsible for processing language?

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left side

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stroop effect

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previous knowledge can make certain activities more difficult

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modularity

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the assumption that the cognitive system consists of several fairly independent or separate modules or processors, each of which is specialized for a given type of processing

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dissociations

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as applied to brain damaged patients--intact performance on one task but severely impaired performance on a different task

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post-mortem studies

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researchers look at certain parts of the brain that when damaged could affect behavior

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ERP

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-event-related potentials
the pattern of electroencephalograph activity obtained by averaging the brain responses to the same stimulus presented repeatedly

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PET

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-Positron emission tomography (PET)
based on the detection of positrons (the atomic particles emitted by some radioactive substances)
-radioactively labeled water is injected into the body & rapidly gathers in the brain's blood vessels
-when a part of the cortex becomes active the water travels to that place in the brain

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fMRI

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-functional magnetic resonance imaging
-radio waves are used to excite atoms in the brain

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MEG

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-magneto-encephalography
-involves using a superconducting quantum interference device to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical brain activity
-has excellent temporal resolution & its spacial resolution is relatively good
-very expensive and the experience is upsetting

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what is the difference between sensation and perception in psychology?

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sensation is the detection of the stimulus via biochemical and neurological events
-perception is the mental process or state that is reflected in statements representing awareness or understanding of the real-world

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bottom up processes

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mental processes directly affected by the stimulus
-one process is completed at a time

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top-down processing

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processing influenced by the individuals expectations and knowledge rather than simply by the stimulus itself

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feature theories

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you match what you see to a template in the mind, based on features
-not every feature has to be analyzed
-the context indicates how you interpert the stimuli

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template theory

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in order to recognize an object, you have a template in your mind of what the animal should look like
-has many imitations
-template comes from "experience"

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law of pragnanz

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we typically perceive the simplest possible organization

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heuristics

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shortcuts

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closure

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interpreting things as complete even if they are partial

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RBC

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recognition by components theory
-argued that objects consist of basic shapes or components known as geons (geometric ions)
-there are 36 different geons
-can be arranged into limitless combinations

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propagnosia

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face blindness

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appreceptive agnosia

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object recognition is impared because of deficits in perceptual processing

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associative agnosia

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perceptual processes are essentially intact but there are difficulties in accessing relevant knowledge about objects from long-term memory

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charles bonnet syndrome

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patients see image that is so vivid that it appears real

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change blindness

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we are unaware of obvious changes because our attention is diverted

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inattentional blindness

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doesnt necessarily have to include a change, just something the subject misses

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synesthesia

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neurological phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway

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factors having to do with change blindness

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-importance of the change
-type of change
-token change
-causes

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segmentation

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mentally splitting up words
-difficult to do with foreign languages

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categorical perception

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sounds don't have 1 specific word
-you interpret acoustic signals very specifically

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McGurk effect

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we combine visual and auditory systems to perceive our world
-when multiple senses are combined the brain encodes information more effectively

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phonemic restoration effect

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if you hear a sound and a letter is missing you automatically add the missing letter

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attention

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the way we focus what we are doing to obtain information

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dichotic listening and shadowing

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-procedure where 2 different messages rae being played to each ear
-change in language and gender isn't perceived

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Broadbent's Early-selection Model

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the first to describe human's processing system using an information processing metaphor
-an early selection view of attention, such that humans process information with limited capacity and select information to be processed early

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blindsight

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an apparently paradoxical condition often produced by brain damage to early visual cortex in which there is behavioral evidence of visual perception in the absence of conscious awareness

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Treisman's attenuation model

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-revisal of Broadbent's filter model
-argued that instead of a filter which barred unattended inputs from ever entering awareness, it was a process of attenuation
-thusly extracting meaningful content from irrelevant inputs

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Deutsch & Deutch Late-selection model

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