Psych Midterm

Front 1

implicit memory

Back 1

memory influences our behaviour without our conscious awareness

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explicit memory

Back 2

conscious or intentional memory retrieval

Front 3

Procedural (non-declarative) Memory

Back 3

reflected in skills and actions

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Declarative memory

Back 4

memory that is factual

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flashbulb memory

Back 5

a memory that is so vivid and clear that it seems like a snapshot of the moment

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distinctiveness

Back 6

something that makes a memory distinctive and therefore easier to remember

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massed practice

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cramming

Front 8

what can cause forgetting?

Back 8

encoding failure, decay of memory trace, interference and motivated forgetting

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memory construction

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compensation for incomplete or sketchy memories

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Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve

Back 10

- forgetting occurs more rapidly at first and then more slowly over time

- meaningful material is forgotten more slowly than nonsense material

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Synesthesia

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mixing of the senses

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Sensation

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stimulus-detection process; sense organs translate stimulus into nerve impulses

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Perception

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making 'sense' of what our senses tell us

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Transduction

Back 14

process by which the characteristics of a stimulus are converted into nerve impluses

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psychophysics

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studies relations between the physical characteristics of stimuli and sensory capabilities (absolute limits, and differences)

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Signal detection theory

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factors that influence sensory judgements

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The difference threshold

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smallest difference between two stimuli that people can perceive 50% of the time (JND)

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Weber's Law

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the difference threshold is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus (webers fraction ex 1/50)

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subliminal stimullus

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so weak or brief that although it is received by the senses, it cannot be perceived consciously

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sensory adaptation

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diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

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cornea

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a transparent protective structure at the front of the eye

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pupil

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adjustable opening that controls amount of light that enters

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iris

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muscle that controls size of pupil

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lens

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an elastic structure that becomes thinner to focus on distant objects and thicker to focus of father ones

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retina

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multi-layered tissue at the rear of the eyeball. inverted image from lens projected on the retina

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myopia

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nearsightedness (difficulty seeing far away objects) lens focuses image in front of the retina

eyeball is longer than normal

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hyperopia

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farsightedness (difficulty seeing close objects) image focused on point behind retina. usually because lens does not thicken enough

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rods

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-dim light

- black and white receptors

-500 times more sensitive to light than cones

-however, insensitive to red light

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cones

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-colour receptors

-function best in bright light

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where are rods found?

Back 30

throughout the retina EXCEPT the fovea

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where contains ONLY cones

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the fovea

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cones decrease in concentration.....

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as one moves away from the centre of the retina

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bipolar cells

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have synaptic connections with rods and cones. they synapse with ganglion cells

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ganglion cells

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axons collect into a bundle to form the optic nerve

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visual acuity

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ability to see fine detail

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blindspot

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-area without photoreceptors

-where the optic nerve exits through the back of the eye

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photopigments

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protein molecules used by rods and cones to translate light waves into nerve impulses

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dark adaptation

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progressive improvement in brightness sensitivity that occurs over time under conditions of low illumination

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trichromatic theory

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- young-helmholtz

-three types of colour receptors on the retina

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problems with the trichromatic theory

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- some with red-green colour blindness could perceive yellow (despite the fact that within the theory, yellow is produced by activity of red green receptors)

-afterimage

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opponent process theory

Back 41

-hering

-each of the three cone types respond to two different wavelengths

-red OR green

-blue OR yellow

-black OR white

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dual-process theory

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combines trichromatic and opponent process theory

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feature detectors

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fire selectively in response to stimuli that have specific characteristics

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frequency

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number of sound waves per second

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cochlea

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coiled, snail shaped tube that is filled with fluid

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basilar membrane

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inside the cochlea, a sheet of tissue that runs its length

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organ of corti

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rests on the basilar membrane, contains 16000 tiny hair cells that are the actual sound receptors

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frequency theory of pitch perception

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nerve impulses sent to the brain match the frequency of the sound wave

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place theory of pitch perception

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specific point in the cochlea where fluid waves peak and most strongly bend the hair cells serve as a coding cue

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conduction deafness

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problems involving mechanical system which transmits sound waves to the cochlea. (ex. punctured ear drum)

hearing aid can help

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nerve deafness

Back 51

damaged receptors within the inner ear or damaged auditory nerve (exposure to loud/repeated sounds) hearing aid does not help

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what are the chemical senses?

Back 52

olfaction and gustation (sensitive to chemical molecules rather than energy)

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taste buds

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chemical receptors concentrated along the edges and back surface of the tongue

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how many taste buds do humans have?

Back 54

9000

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umami

Back 55

increases sensitivity to other taste qualities

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sweet?

Back 56

front of tongue

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salty?

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front sides

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sour?

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back sides

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bitter?

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back of tongue

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how many olfactory receptors to humans have?

Back 60

40 million

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olfactory bulb

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forebrain structure immediately above the nasal cavity

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what are the body senses?

Back 62

kinesis and equilibrium

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tactile senses humans are sensitive to?

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pressure, pain, warmth and cold

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skin

Back 64

-covers 90 square cm

-2.7 - 4.5 kg

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what are the primary receptors of pain and temperature?

Back 65

free nerve endings

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what are receptors for touch and light pressure?

Back 66

nerve fibers situated at the base of hair follicles

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what part of the brain is pain info relayed to?

Back 67

by the thalamus to the somatosensory and frontal areas of the cerebral cortex

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limbic system

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involved in motivation and emotion

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kinesthesis

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provides feedback about our muscles and joints' positions and movements

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vestibular sense

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body's sense of orientation or equilibrium

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bottom-up

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piece together info to create bigger picture

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top-down

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breaking apart a bigger picture

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inattentional blindness

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failure of unattended stimuli to register in consciousness

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figure-ground relations (gestalt)

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foreground figure and background

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perceptual constancies

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recognize familiar objects under varying conditions

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monocular cues

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require one eye

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binocular cues

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requires both eyes

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critical periods

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period when certain things must occur to aid development

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consciousness

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our moment to moment awareness of ourselves and our environment

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divided attention

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ability to perform more than one activity at the same time

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visual agnosia

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inability to visually recognize an object

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blindsight

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report not seeing, but guess where things are in visual spectrum very well

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circadian rhythm

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daily biological clock

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what are circadian rhythms controlled by?

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suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

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STAGE 1

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theta wave (irregular, slower)

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STAGE 2

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sleep spindles (1-2 second bursts of rapid brain activity)

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STAGES 3+4

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delta waves (slow and large)

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when is slow wave sleep?

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cycles 3 and 4

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activation-synthesis theory

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during REM sleep, the brain step bombards our higher brain centres with random neural activity

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cognitive process dream theory

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focuses on the process of how we dream

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amphetamine psychosis

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schizophrenia-like hallucinations and paranoid delusions

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THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)

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weed's main ingredient

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dissociation theories

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view hypnosis as an altered state involving division of awareness

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social cognitive theories

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hypnotic experiences result from expectations of people who are motivated to take on the role of being hypnotized

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learning

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process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in an organism's behaviour or capabilities

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habituation

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decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus

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sensitization

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an increase in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus

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classical conditioning

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an organism learns to associate two stimuli, such that one stimulus comes to produce a response that was originally produces by the other stimulus

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extinction

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repeatedly presenting the CS w/o the UCS, the CR declines

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spontaneous recovery

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sudden recovery of extinct CR

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higher-order conditioning

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a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS

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exposure therapies

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expose phobic patient to thing they are afraid of

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aversion therapy

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reduce alcoholism, give drug that induces nausea with alcohol

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operant conditioning

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learning in which behaviour is influenced by consequences

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reinforcement

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a response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it

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punishment

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a response is weakened by an outcome that follows it

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discriminative stimulus

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a signal that a particular response will now produce certain consequences

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positive reinforcement

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food, drink, physical contact

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negative reinforcement

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removal or avoidance of a stimulus (painkillers remove pain, positive effect, strengthens habit of taking painkillers)

Front 110

operant extinction

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weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced

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positive punishment

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a response is weakened by presentation of a stimulus (scold/spank)

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negative punishment

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a response is weakened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus (no TV for a week)

Front 113

primary reinforcers

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food water, biologically necessary

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secondary or conditioned reinforcer

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money

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operant discrimination

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an operant response will occur to on antecedent stimulus but not to another

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escape conditioning

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organisms learn a response to terminate an aversive stimulus

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two-factor theory of avoidance learning

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both operant and classical conditioning are involved

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applied behavioural analysis

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combines a behavioural approach with the scientific method to solve individual and societal problems

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preparedness

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biological prewiring

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insight

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sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps to solve a problem

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social-cognitive theory (social learning theory)

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people learn by observing the behaviour of models and acquiring the belief that they can produce behaviours to induce events in their lives

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self-efficacy

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people's belief that they have the capability to perform behaviours that will produce a desired outcome

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memory

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the processes that allow us to record and later retrieve experiences and information

Front 124

encoding

Back 124

getting info into the system by translating it into a neural code that your brain processes

Front 125

retrieval

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method of pulling information out of storage when we want to use it

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storage

Back 126

retaining information overtime

Front 127

sensory memory

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holds incoming sensory info just long enough for it to be recongnized

Front 128

short-term memory

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holds the info that we are consciously aware of at any given moment

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memory codes

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mental representations (mental images)

Front 130

maintenance rehearsal

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repetition of information

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elaborative rehearsal

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focusing on the meaning of information or relating it to other things we already know

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long term memory

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our vast library of more durable stored memories

Front 133

serial position effect

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graph, position on original list, proportion correct

Front 134

levels of processing (craik and lockhart)

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the more deeply we process info, the better it will be remembered

Front 135

dual coding theory

Back 135

encoding info using both codes enhances memory

Front 136

schema

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mental framework, organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world

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associative networks

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massive network of associated ideas and concepts

Front 138

declarative memory (2 subcategories)

Back 138

involves factual knowledge

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episodic memory

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store of factual knowledge concerning personal experiences

Front 140

semantic knowledge

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general factual knowledge about the world and language

Front 141

procedural memory (non declarative memory)

Back 141

reflected in skills and actons

Front 142

explicit memory

Back 142

conscious or intentional memory retrieval

Front 143

reterival cue

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any stimulus that stimulates the activation of information stored in long term memory

Front 144

encoding specificity principle

Back 144

memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding

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context-dependant memory

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it is easier to remember something in the same environment in which it was acquired (external)

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state-dependant memory

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easier to remember something when our internal state at the time matches our original state during learning

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mood-congruent recall

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we tend to recall information or event that are congruent with our current mood

Front 148

decay theory

Back 148

with time and disuse the physical memory trace in the nervous system fade away

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proactive interference

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material learned in the past interferes with recall of newer material

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retroactive recall

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newly acquired material interferes with recall of past material

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retrograde amnesia

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memory loss for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia

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anteretrograde amnesia

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memory loss for events that occurred after the initial onset of amnesia

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dementia

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impaired memory and other cognitive deficits that accompany brain degeneration

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Alzheimer's disease

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progressive brain disorder that is the most common cause of dementia among 65+

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infantile amnesia

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memory loss for early experiences

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prospective memory

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remembering to perform an activity in the future

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misinformation effect

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the distortion of memory by misleading post-event information

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memory consolidation

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hypothetical and gradual binding process of memories

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long-term potentiation

Back 159

enduring increase in synaptic strength