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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hippocrates
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biological malfunctions create mental illness
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Plato
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Believed that behavior was controlled by the body and the soul
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Aristotle
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Believed that the mind and body are the same thing
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Dualism VS. Monism
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Dualism is the belief that behavior is controlled by the mind and body and Monism is the belief that the mind and body are one
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Renee Descartes
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Believed that dualism was what separated humans from animals. Believed in nativism.
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John Locke
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Believed in Empiricism.
"Tabula Rasa"- we are born a clean slate. Born without knowledge. |
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Empiricism
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Anything we know comes from experience. Men are made not born.
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Nativism
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Ideas are innate in human nature. Men are born not made.
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Materialism
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Nothing exists but matter and energy. Bitch!
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Fuck
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Shit
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Structuralism
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Early Psych Approach
Goal: To understand the mind by analyzing its elements/ basic units of thought. |
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Wilhelm Wundt
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The father of structuralism who created the first Psych Lab. He was interested in how people perceive and react to things
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Edward Tichtner
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Gave the name structuralism. Believed in introspective approach.
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Functionalism
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Early Psych Approach
Goal: To understand how the mind works to enable organisms to adapt and to function in their environments. |
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Willy James
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A functionalist who was the father of US psych. He used research and observations to collect data.
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Associationism
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Early Psych Approach
Goal: to examine how events and ideas can become associated in the mind resulting in learning. |
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Gestalt
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Early Psych Approach
Goal: To understand the mind as a whole, not just the elements |
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Biological
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Contemporary Psych Approach
The brain, nervous system, hormones and genetics are all central to understanding mental processes and behavior. Behavior genetics are a are in this approach |
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Evolutionary
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Contemporary Psych Approach
emphasizes the importance of adaptations and functions species |
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Learning/ Behavioral
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Contemporary Psych Approach
the study of behavioral responses and their environmental determinants |
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Cognitive
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Contemporary Psych Approach
The study of mental processes and determining the role the mental processes play in determining behavior |
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Psychodynamic
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Contemporary Psych Approach
unconscious thoughts and early childhood experiences influence behavior |
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Sociocultural
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Contemporary Psych Approach
examines the way social and cultural environments influence behavior and mental processes |
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Psychologists vs. Psychiatrists
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Psychiatrists are physicians with MDs and can prescribe meds for psychological disorders. Psychologists have a Ph D, Psy D or Ed. D
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Correlational vs. Experimental
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-Correlation permits investigations to explore relationships between variables. Coefficient is the strength of the relationship. Correlation does not mean causation.
-Experimental is the manipulation of variable under carefully controlled conditions and observing whether any changes in a second variable will result. This allows for the detection of cause and effect relationships. |
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Direct Observation
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Data Collection Method
2 types Naturalistic: observe individuals in their natural surroundings. (Cons- Bordering on spying and no control over those being observed. Laboratory: subjects are observed in a lab (cons- more guarded, artificial setting) |
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Questionnaire Survey
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Data Collection Method
A method where you ask questions to learn about someone's behavior or ask someone who knows the subject. -Cheap and easy -You have to worry about wording - people lie to look better |
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Interview
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Data Collection Method
Face to Face dialog with subject -can take forever -open ended questions -allows for elaboration -person could lie |
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Psychological/ Standardized Test
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Data Collection Method
ie personality tests -can be brief or extensive -tests are compared with other tests |
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Physiological Readings
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Data Collection Method
-anything that measures physiological functions - tries to link psych with physiological functions |
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Case Studies
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Data Collection Method
Follows one person over a long span of time -Info from only 1 person does not allow for generalizations |
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Longitudinal vs. Cross-sectional
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Time Span of Research
-Longitudinal is studying the same people over a long period of time -Cross-Sectional is studying people all at one time |
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Informed Consent
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Letting people know what they are going to be participating in
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Double-blind experiment
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Any experiment in which both the observer and subjects are kept blind.
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Observer expectancy
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A researcher who desires or expects a subject to respond in a particular way may unintentionally communicate that expectation and thereby influence the subject's behavior
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Subject expectancy
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If different treatments in an experiment induce different expectations in subjects, then the expectations, rather than anything else about the treatments, may account for observed differences in how the subjects respond.
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Social Desirability Bias
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The bias that comes from an individual reporting to make themselves look better rather then telling the truth
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Nervous System Functions
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1) Sensory- allows us to detect information in our environment
2) Integrative- Interprets and explains the sensory information 3) Motor- responds to the interpretation by moving muscles or secreting hormones |
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CNS vs. PNS
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CNS- composed of brain and spinal cord
-receives processes, interprets and and store incoming sensory info -spinal cord produces actions without the brain PNS -All neural structures that lie outside the CNS and connect it to other parts of the body -handles CNS input/output |
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Neurons parts: Soma
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Cell body
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Neuron Parts: Dendrites
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Receive Neural Impulse
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Neuron Parts: Axons
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Transmits messages to other neurons, glands and muscles
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Neuron Parts:Myeline/ Myeline Sheath
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insulates axons and allows for more efficient message transmittal
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Neuron Parts: Synapse
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Junction between terminal button and dendrite of receiving neuron
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Neuron Type: Sensory Neurons
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carry information from sensory organs, through nerves into the CNS
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Neuron Type: Motor Neurons
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carry messages out from the CNS through nerves to operate muscles and glands
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Neuron Type: Interneurons
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exist entirely within the CNS and carry messages from one set of neurons to another
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Action Potential
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Neurons exert their influence on other neurons and muscle cells by firing of all-or-none impulses
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Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine
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The first NT discovered, has a large role in memory function and movement. May be linked to Alzheimer's
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Neurotransmitters: Dopamine
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responsible for movement, attention, and learning. Linked to parkinsons
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Neurotransmitters: Serotonin
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responsible for mood regulation and appetite
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Neurotransmitters: Norepinephrine
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hormone and neurotransmitter responsible for arousal and partially regulates mood
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Neurotransmitters: GABA
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inhibitory transmitter which helps to prevent over-arousal
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Neurotransmitters: Endorphine
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Natural way of preventing pain which can worsen an injury
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Parasympathetic vs. sympathetic
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-Sympathetic mobilizes the body for action
-Parasympathetic operates during relaxed states |
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Neural Plasticity
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-The structural and functional flexibility of the brain
- The brain can adjust to damage but not all adjust in the same way - Extent of recovering is variable: Age 10 is when neuron production stops - depends on the onset of the damage |
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Laterlizaton
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specialization of the the two cerebral hemisphere for particular operations
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Hormones vs. Neurotransmitters
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Hormones are chemical messengers secreted into the blood while the neurotransmitters is sent through the nervous system
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Parietal Lobe
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home of the somatosensory which provides info about feeling, the more sensitive a body part is, the more space it has in the parietal lobe
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Occipital Lobe
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Responsible for visual information
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Temporal Lobe
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responsible for processing auditory information
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Prefrontal Cortex
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very front of the brain, center of impulse control and rational thinking
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Limbic System
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The divide between the evolutionarily older parts of the brain and the newest part above it.
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Broca's Area
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Broca's area is in the left frontal lobe. The aphasia happens in the left part of the brain and hinders speech
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Wernicke's Area
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Wernicke's area is in the left temporal lobe and the aphasia makes it harder to understand the meanings of the word and to find the right words to usedE
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Effects of Deprived and Enriched Environments on the Brain
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Enriched environments have thicker cerebral cortex's, more developed synapses, larger cortical neurons, more acetylcholine compared to the deprived
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Issues Guiding Development Research
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-Nature vs. Nurture debate
-Are there critical periods in human development? -Continuity vs Discontinuity -Questions of stability or change |
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Teratogens
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-External agents that can cause abnormal parental development
-Studied after World War II -Common Teratogens: German Measles, x-rays/radiation/toxic chemicals, STDs, Cigarettes, Alcohol, drugs |
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Social Referencing
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When infants look at their caregivers emotional expressions for clues about the possible danger of their own actions
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Piaget
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Influenced cognitive development (1896-1980)
1) Cognitive development was result of innately determined sequence of growth and change independent of external events 2) Cognitive development was the result of the learning process |
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Piaget Term: Schema
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Framework that organizes and interprets information
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Piaget Term: Assimilation
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understanding new experiences in terms of our current schemas
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Piaget Term: Accommodation
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modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information
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Piaget Concepts: Sensorimotor
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Takes place from 0-2 years old. They experience the world through their actions and consequences of those actions
Object permanence is when the child realizes an object exists even when it is not around |
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Piaget Concepts: Preoperational
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(2-7 yrs) represent the world symbolically through words and mental images
-Egocentrism- unaware of others perspectives -theory of mind- knowledge about basic mental states -conservation- quantity remains the same despite change in shape |
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Piaget Concepts:Concrete Operational
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(7-11.5 yrs) achievement of conservation, beginning capacity of adult logic,
-Decentration- focus on more then one aspect of a situation |
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Piaget Concepts: Formal Operational
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(11.5 and beyond) thinking is abstract, systematic, form and test hypothesis
-egocentrism- difficulty separating things that are of concern to others and those that are of concern only to themselves -imaginary audience- think everyone is concerned with you -personal fable- myth of invulnerability |
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Piaget Criticism
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-Underestimation of preschoolers and infants abilities
-development proceeds more inconsistently -development is more complex -did not consider the environment |
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Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective
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-highlights how sociocultural context interacts with brains biological maturation
-apprenticeship: guidance form a more knowledgeable source (collaborative relationships) -Zone of Proximal Development is a ranging of tasks that children can carry out with the help of someone more knowledgeable lower level problem-solving alone upper level problem solving with help -scaffolding is where instruction is directed by the teacher to adjust to a learning style -inner speech is when you are thinking instead of talking when trying to master a skill |
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Theory of mind
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knowledge about basic mental states
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Authoritative Disciplinary Style:
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high levels of warmth; high levels of restictiveness
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Authoritarian Disciplinary Style:
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low levels of warmth; high levels of restrictiveness
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Indulgent/permissive Disciplinary Style:
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high levels of warmth and low levels of restrictiveness
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Neglectful Disciplinary Style:
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low levels of warmth; low levels of restrictiveness
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Induction
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a form of verbal reasoning in which the parent induces the child to think about the harmful consequences of the childs actions, from the point of view of the person that was hurt
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Power Assertion
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the use of physical force, punishment or rewards or bribes to control a childs behavior
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Love withdrawal
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when parents express disapproval of the child rather than just of the child's specific actions
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Attachment types: secure attachment
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65% sometimes upset at moms departure, glad when mom returned to the room
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Attachment types: insecure attachment
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-avoidant- when mom leaves they sometimes cry and avoid mom when she comes back
-ambivilant- dont avoid mom but angrily resist being held or dont care |
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successful marriage
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both partners are sensitive to the unexpressed feelings and needs of the other. they focus on solving problems and listen to each other
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Language Acqusition
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the inborn foundation for universal grammar plus the entire set of inborn mechanisms that guide children's learning of the unique rules of their cultures language
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Language Acquisition Support System
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combined with the LAD provided by the social world into which a baby is born
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Socioemotional selectivity theory
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become more concerned with enjoying the present and less concerned with functions that look towards the future
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disengagement theory
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elderly people gradually and by choice withdraw from active involvement with the world around them and attend increasingly to their subjective inner world of memories
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active theory
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elederly people prefer to remain active as they age
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drugs effect on the synapse
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1) they can act on the presynaptic neuron to either facilitate or inhibit the release of the transmitter, effecting the amount that enters the cleft
2) they can act in the cleft to either facilitate or inhibit the process that normally terminate the action of the transmitter once it has been released, either prolonging or or shortening the amount of time that the transmitter remains in the cleft and exerts its effect 3) they can act directly on post-synaptic binding sites, either producing the same effect as the transmitter or blocking the transmitter from producing its normal effect |
