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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology
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study of mind, brain, behavior
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Levels of psychological analysis
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• Genetic- heritability, gene expression
• Nuerelogical- neurotransmitters, cellular processes • Brain systems- nueroanatomy, brain function • Behavorial- stimulus/response pairings • Cognitive- mental processes algorithms of thought • Individual- differences between people, personality • Social- situations, social and cultural pressures |
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What level of analysis can certain topics be studied on?
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Any can be studied on ALL levels
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Biopsychology
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Intersection bt biology and psychology
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Heritability Estimate
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Proportion of total variance that is attributable to genetic variation within a group
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Genes
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segments of DNA that code info
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Chromosomes
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larger, contain genes
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Ethology
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Language, cooperation, courtship etc.
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Konrad Lorence
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did imprinting studies, father of ethology
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Evolutionary Psychology
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• Survival of fittest
o Finding resources o Avoiding predators/ and illness o REPRODUCTION o Females and hip/waist |
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Phineas Gage
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pole through head, lost ability to control impulses
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Phrenology
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characteristics relate to bumps on head
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Golgi Stain
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shows anatomy of neurons , brown
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Nissl Stain
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shows number of neurons in given area
blue , |
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Single Cell Recording
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cells fire send off current which can be detected
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Single Cell Stimulation
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Activate individual cells, observe behavior
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James Old
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self stimulation
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Lesioning Techniques
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• Permanent Lesions
o Aspiration o Electrolytic o Radiofrequency o Nuero-chemical (Kainic Acid) o Knife cut • Temporary Lesions o Cryogenic (frozen) o Some classes of nuero-chemical • Not allowed in humans, humans who have strokes can be observed o Interruption of blood supply to brain o Ischemic Stroke (artery blocked) o Hemorrhagic Stroke (burst blood vessel) • External Injuries o Penetrating head injury |
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Spatial Resolution
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how close in physical proximity image of brain is
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Temporal Resolution
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how close in time image is
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Other Factors in brain imaging
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invasiveness and time
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EEG
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o Measures electrical signals associated with neuron firing in brain area.
o Excellent temporal, poor spatial, non-invasive |
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MEG
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o Measures magnetic signals associated with nueral firing
o Poor spatial (better than EEG), excellent temporal, completely non-invasive |
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fMRI
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o Measures oxygen flow to different brain areas
o Good spatial, poor temporal, completely non-invasive |
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Optical Imaging
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o Measures light absorption with nueral firing
o Good, but limited spatial resolution (only on surface), excellent temporal, completely non-invasive • Only bald and blonde because of blocking signal |
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TMS
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o Sends current through scalp to activate different neural regions
o Good spatial excellent temporal, highly invasive |
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Seductive allure
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- people who are normally intelligent, are distracted by neural imaging
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Affirming the Consequent
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• If p then q, You observe q therefore p
WRONG |
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Double dissociation
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• Two brain areas and two tasks, and each area only lights up for one task
To minimize affirming consequent |
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voxelset analysis
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• Scan entire bran and look for patterns
To minimize affirming consequent |
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Nuerons
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main brain cells
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Dendrites
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signal comes into nueron
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Axon
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signal goes out of nueron
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Types of nuerons
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• Motor- long axons, goes long way
• Pyramidal- hippcampus • Purkinje – think dendrites because cerebrum lots of feedback |
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Electrical Communication
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specialized membranes that make them polarized, can be recorded with microelectrode
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Glia
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support nuerons, numerous, less studied,, more functions than known
• Astrocytes Maintain blood brain barrier Provide nutrients to neurons Sequester and release nuerochemicals Clean up dead neurons Divide and produce new neurons and glia (stem cells) • Oligodendrocytes Produce myelin- a fatty coating around axons that helps transmit information faster |
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Resting Potential
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Inside Nueron has negative charge relative to oustide -70
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Sodium Potassium Pump
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o Pull sodium out, potassium in to maintain resting potential
By selective permability |
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Selective Permeability
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o Channels hold charged molecules inside or out of cell
o When ion channel opens, sodium goes into cell because it wants equilibrium o This creates an electric current |
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Action Potential
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o Partial depolarization, the channels open, sodium comes in
o Charge goes way up o Sodium channels close, potassium channels open o Potassium goes out, charge goes back down o Unidirectional o Self-regenerating o Enhanced by myelin |
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Refractory Period
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o After potassium goes out, channels close
o Pump has not yet got ions to right places |
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Saltatory Connection
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o Charge jumps from node to node
o Due to myelin which allows it to jump and go faster |
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Synapse- end of nueron action process
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o Area between neurons
o Neurotransmitters diffuse across synapse and bind to receptors on next cell o Changes membrane potential o Axons endings presynaptic terminals • Contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitters o Receptors on postsynaptic cells • This binding partially depolarizes neuron |
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Neurotransmitters
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o Excitatory or inhibitory (depolarize or hyperpolarize)
o Many different types glutamate, CABA, serotonin, acetylocholine, dopamine o Prevent Reuptake (SSRIs) |
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Types of Cell Death
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o Programmed (Apoptosis)
o Injury or trauma o Disease (Alzheimer’s) |
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How can brain repair?
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o Undamaged neurons can sprout to form new connections
o Damaged axons can regrow o New neurons can form in response to damage |
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Glial Scars
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o After injury glia work to clean cellular debris and seal blood-brain barrier
o Glia also form glial scar (to keep barrier) which inhibits brain repair o Long axon neurons are difficult to replace |
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Alzheimer's
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o Causes: unknown- environmental, genetic
o Destroys brain tissue beg. With hippocampus o Cell death due to abnormal proteins deposited in brain o Amyloid plaques (not natural) build up and strangle cell/ kill it o Progressive, new areas o Dead cells leave behind proteins that cannot be degraded o Any new connections can’t function creates Ghost Nuerons • Dead cell filled with amyloid |
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Localization
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different parts of brain do different things
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Split brain
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two lobes everything happens on both sides
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Corpus Callosum
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connects sides of brain
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McGurgh Effect
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read lips without trying, changes what you hear
World is not actually how we perceive it. |
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o Retinotopic Mapping
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• Neurons responsible for similar things are spatially close
• When a neuron fires, its neighbors can’t fire Lateral Inhibition Edges Hermann Grid Scintillating Grid Binocular Vision |
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• Visual Pathways
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o Where pathway- space and movement – parietal lobe
o What pathway- object recognition- temporal lobe |
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Absolute Thresholds
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amount brain able to detect
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Relative Thresholds
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amount it must increase to be noticeable.
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Weber's Law
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Triangle I/ I = k
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Adaptation
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ability to adjust to stimuli
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Constancies
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Your brain changes image automatically based on light, color, shape, etc.
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Gestalt
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o Notion that people look at whole rather than individual
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Divided Attention
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attending to several tasks same time
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Selective Attention
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Focusing on a single task while disregarding others
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Sensory Suppression
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o Two stimuli presented together in a neuron’s receptive field act in a mutually suppressive way
o Separating stimuli reduces suppression |
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Attention does:
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• Neural enhancement to attended stimuli
• Counteracting neural suppression • Increased baseline activity • Increased sensitivity to contrast makes neurons more likely to fire. |
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Brain regions with attention
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o Parietal lobe, regions of frontal lobe etc.
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Dichotic Listening
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o Attend to one message, what notice about other?
o Halfway unattended voice switches to German • People don’t notice |
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Filter Theories
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o Certain amout of processing, so brain filters non-important things
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Why might filter theories not be true?
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o But sometimes we do notice things in unattended
o Cocktail Party Effect- attend to name even in unattended channels o Shadowing Task- repeat out loud messages, people repeat some of unattended because of semantic sense |
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Capacity Theories
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o Available attention capacity
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Yerkes-Dodson Curve
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• Ability to cope vs. arousal
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Feature Integration Theory
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o Pre-attentive processing: automatic registration of features- effortless, outside awareness, in parallel
o Focused Attention- integration/processing of multiple features at once- effortful, conscious, in serial |
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Balint's Syndrome
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o People with damage to brain area responsible feature binding, can’t process scenes
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Thought Supression
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o After suppression, that thing is all you can think about
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Change Blindness
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o If we aren’t attending, won’t be able to notice if it changes
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o Pavlov Conditioning
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Dogs, bell=food
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Classical conditioning
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o Unconditioned stimulus to unconditioned response
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Operant conditioning
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o Reward/punishment
• Thorndike’s Law of Effect • Skinner believed this o Reinforcement, Punishment, positive, negative • Positive reinforcement, give something • Negative, take away something bad o Can occur over many steps |
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Generalization
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learning on A changes behavior on B
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Discrimination
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A doesn’t effect B
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Extinction
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lack of behavior after training stops
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Spontaneous recovery
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start again after stop
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Overjustification
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children rewarded no longer want to do that afterwards
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Serial Position
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o Primacy Effect: First and Receny Effect: last recalled better
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Atkinson Shiffrin Model of Memory
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• The Enviornment > Sensory Registers > Short Term Memory <> Long Term Memory
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Partial Report Paradigm
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o Better partial report memory then one would expect from whole report memory
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7 +- 2
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digit span short term memory, chunking
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Long term memory
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- transfer of info from short to long term
• Cues- the more cues the better encoding and retrieval • More things that prime concept, neural network o No limit |
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State dependent memory
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o Surrounding environment used as cue towards memory
o Remember things where you learn them |
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Mnemonics
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o Create cues
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Levels of Processing
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o Structural- capital letters
o Phonemic- rhyme o Semantic- meaning o Personal- relate to you o More or less cues as you go on. |
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Desirable difficulties
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o Generation makes you more likely to remember
o Interleaving- intersperse studying |
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Loftus's paradigms
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o Interviews about things that didn’t happen, more times asked about false, remember more
o False sound a lot like real |
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Casual biases
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people fill in casual gaps in memory
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Flashbulb Memory
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• Major event induce feeling of strong memory about when one learned about event
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Interference Theory
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- other information is what prevents you
o Retroactive Interference • New replaces old o Proactive Inference • Old replaces new |
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Habituation
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repeated presentation of stimulus leads to reduction in response
o Ion channels become exhausted, neurotransmitter vesicles depleted o Eventually loss of neurons- reduction in response, lack of energy |
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Sensitization
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presentation of strong stimulus leads to larger response when presented with mild
o Internuerons release serotonin o Temporarily increase response of nueron |
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NMDA Receptors
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normally bonding of neurotransmitters, partially depolarizes neuron, can lead to action potential, this type do not depolarize but instead under certain circumstances allow calcium in cell, strengthen synapses, magnesium releases and closes cell when glutamate bonds and calcium in
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Calcium in brain
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o Builds more non-NMDA receptors, more likely to create action potential
o Above more responsive than before, takes less serotonin to cause firing o May make more dendrite branches/ form additional synapses |
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Fear conditioning
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• Associative Learning
• Amygdala responds to fear • Person looking at you fear, no activation, behind, yes • Amygldala neurons increase with conditioning |
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Implicit vs. Explicit
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• Implicit memory- does not involve awareness
• Explicit memory- involves awareness |
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Language redudancy
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allow people to understand typos and other unintelligible information
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Nueral language areas
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• Wernick’s Area and Broca’s area
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Wernick's vs. Broca's
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content vs. grammar
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o Gricean Implicature
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four maxims
Tell the truth Quantity Relation (to conversation) Manner (clearly and unambiguous |
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associative vs. nonassociative learning
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forming associations between stimuli or not
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stimulus generalization
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similar stimuli can take place of one
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conditioned taste aversion
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nausea causes aversion to food from then on
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reinforcement
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consequence that increases likelihood that subject will repeat behavior
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punishment
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consequence that decreases likelihood that subject will repeat behavior
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Positive/negative reinforcement
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Reward/ removing aversive stimulus
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Positive/negative punishment
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Punishment/Taking away good part
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Law of Effect
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behaviors leading to rewards more likely to be repeated
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Behaviorism
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systemic study and manipulation of observable behavior
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fixed ratio schedule/ variable
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reward occurs after a fixed or variable number of trials
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behavior modification
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planned effort to change behavior
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shaping
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introducing new behavior by reinforcing small approximations of desired behavior
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learned helplessness
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repeated exposure to inescapable punishment produces failure to make escape attempts
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insight learning
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ah-hah moment,
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observational learning
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leads to modeling
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Information-processing model
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information must pass through three stages of mental functioning
sensory memory, working memory, long-term memory |
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Paralell distributed-processing model/ connectionist
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new information immediately joins with other information to form networks
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automatic vs. effortful processing
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information remembered with or without effort
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working memory
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enables us to hold on to information, can be used with rehearsal
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spacing effect
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cramming doesn't work
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semantic codes
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to encode verbal info into long term memory. representations based of meaning of info.
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memory span
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maximum number of recalled items 7+-2
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explicit vs. implicit memories
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can consciously bring to mind or not
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semantic memories vs. episodic
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general knowledge vs. specific events
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