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41 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Sequence of processing information
Information -> sensory preceptors ->sensory neurons -> thalamus -> primary cortex - > other areas of the brain
Threshold
sensitivity
Detection
the point where nothing turns to just sensing
Discrimination
two stimuli with different qualities (just noticeable difference)
Signal detection approach
-Threshold is a range
- Can be affected by motivation, background noise
Adaptation
decline in sensitivity when stimulation is prolonged and unchanging
Interaction
sensation/ perception in one sensory system is affected by information from another sensory system
Figure and ground
distinguish between the two to make sense of what we are perceiving
Closure
(like the circles) we automatically close segments to create a uniform shape
Simplicity
we perceive the simplest form possible
Context
We judge the context of an image to help make sense of it
(priest on football field, player in cathedral)
How do we make depth?
Eyes get slightly different image of world to make depth
Perceptual set
- readiness to perceive something in a particular way
○ Contributes to top-down processing
○ Speedy and usually accurate
Inattentional blindness
selection prevents us from fully perceiving scenario
Consciousness
awareness, attention
what kind of brain waves are emitted while a person is awake?
Beta (high frequency activity)
what kind of brain waves are emitted while a person is drowsy?
Alpha
Stage 1 sleep
slight slowing of waves - fewer neurons firing
Stage 2
bigger shift -sleep spindles (bran looks like it's falling asleep)
Slow wave sleep (stages 3&4)
-large ups and downs - reduced frequency
-Much less frequency - deepest stages
REM sleep
-followers shallower stage (mimics stage 1)
-Brain very active, a lot of dreaming
- Almost no contracted muscle tone
atonia
relaxation of muscles
pattern of sleep
shallow, deep, shallow, REM
As night goes on we have less ________and More ________
less deep sleep, more REM
Ways to reduce typical insomnia
a. Exercise but not close to bedtime
b. Avoid alcohol, nicotine, caffeine
c. Avoid or limit naps
d. Find ways to relax before bedtime
what about sleeping pills?
Cannot Fix Insomnia
a. Only short term measure
b. Harder to get normal sleep
Effects of sleep deprivation
i. Excessive sleepiness
ii. Interferes with memory and retention
Microsleep
unintentional sleep that you are unaware of (eyes still open)
The rebound effect
alters the deep sleep cycle (to get more REM?)
Sleep debt
- Brain keeps track of how much sleep you lost over ~ 2 weeks
- Influences how much extra sleep will benefit you
why is it difficult to recall dreams?
Inhibition of hippocampus during REM
Why are dreams so strange?
Supresses judgement and attention (frontal lobe)
Supernatural and psychoanalytic dream interpretation
symbolic
Cognitive
a. Thoughts formed while awake are still being processed while asleep
b. Dreaming is an extension of daytime thinking
c. Walking activities, events, concerns, etc. interfere with dream content
Neurocognitive
activation/synthesis
a. First random activity
b. Next, organize/interpret brain activity
c. Dreams are the results of trying to make sense of random brain activity
d. Waking activities, events, concerns, etc influence dream content
What are the two main characteristics of hypnosis?
1. Selective attention
2. Heightened suggestibility
What must you have to experience hypnosis?
a. Ability to focus attention
b. Vivid imagination
c. Willingness to operate
all hypnosis is....?
self-hypnosis
Hypnosis as role playing
a. Willing subjects act out suggested role
b. People do strange things because
1) They feel safe
2) The feel they can't be held responsible
Can hypnosis influence memory?
cannot improve, often creates false memories
Legitimate uses of Hypnosis
1. Change behavioral habits
a. Smoking, overeating, nail biting
2. Pain management
3. Relaxation