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37 Cards in this Set

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CHAP 6
Psychometrics:
looks for common factors to explain abilities
Fluid vs. crystallized Intelligence
What are the 2 different conclusions on intelligence? who made them up. Explain
1. IQ as a general factor
g-factor
- Spearman and Carrol

vs.

2. Multiple Intelligences
- recognizes 9 types of intelligences
Gardner
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
kinds? what is it? based on what?
- Based on information- processing theories

- Considers that the brain has difference regions with specific abilities (L -R hemispheres)

- emphasizes that development is not simultaneous in all areas

- linguistic, logical- mathematical, spatial, musical, body- kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, existential.....etc.

- maybe kids should be taught more in a broad range to foster all intelligences

- need more research
What is the standford binet? who developed it? what is it?
- Leiws Terman
- its the intelligence quotient (IQ)
Compares mental age (MA) with croniolgical age (CA)

IQ= MA/CA x 100

- Above 100= better than average
- 100 average
- below 100 = less than average

- Today the performances are using other people a persons age. If average you get 100
what are the three contemporary IQ tests?
The Stanford Binet V - The current (2003) version of Binet’s test

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - 3rd Edition (WISC-III)

The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC)
What are samples from WAIS in verbal:
General Information
Similarities
Arithmetic Reasoning
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Digit Span
What are samples from WAIS in performance:
Picture Completion
Picture Arrangement
Block Design
Object Assembly
Digit-Symbol Substitution
What are the two issues in evaluating IQ tests? describe:
1. Reliability: Will it yield scores that are consistent?
- often measured by administering similar forms of a test, twice.
- modern tests are quite reliable

2. Validity
- comparing test scores with with other independent measures


- Try comparing to grades since intelligence is hard to test
- high correlations, but not always valid
What is the problems of validity of traditional IQ tests
IQ tests traditionally measure the current level of knowledge and certain skills.
- be better to measure future learning
How do we fix this? Describe:
Dynamic testing: measures a childs learning potential by having the child learn somthign new in the presence of the examiner and with the examiners help.

- thus interactive, and proof of new achievement

- learning potential

- combine both static and dynamic testing
Arguments for nature vs. nurture?
4-
IQ scores involve both heredity and environment

Twin studies

Adoption studies

Environmental influence: Flynn Effect
IQ scores involve both heredity and twin studies, adoption studies
- identical Twins had simililar IQs, and IQ increaseas
- fraternal twins and biological ones are less correlated but similar to each other
- Adopted kids follow biological parents scheme.
Environmental influence: Flynn Effect
- rapid increase in just a few decades, must be environmental

- environment does make a difference
What are the canadian terms for mental retardation?
In Canada, terms are developmental disability or intellectual impairment
What does it refer to?
substantially below-average intelligence and problems adapting to an environment that emerge before the age of 18
Which level of mental retardation is usually still in mainstream education in canada?
mild
- 85% of persons with retardation

- possibly receive modified programs and remedial help
The Learning Disabilities Association of Canada (LDAC) defines learning disabilities as a:
number of disorders which may affect the acquisition, organization, retention, understanding or use of verbal or nonverbal information.”


- Are considered separately from intellectual impairments as they occur in persons with at least average abilities for thinking and reasoning
Areas affected my include:
Oral language
Reading
Written language
Mathematics
ADHD stands for?
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder has three characteristics:
1. Overactivity
-energetic, fidgety and unable to sit still
- especially in situations where they must limit activity

2. Inattention: do not pay attention in class and seem ot be able to concentrate on school work and skip from one task to the nest

3. Impulsivity: act before before thinking

- not all show to same degree
- usually normal intellegence but low scores in testing
What is ADHD prevalence? gender?
- 3-5% of kids
- boys affected two to four times as often as girls
What role does genetics play?
- twin studies show that identical twins are more often diagnosed
- adopted show similarity to biological
Myths?
- caused by sugar, tv etc.
- or that people grow out of it.

- many people are wrongly diagnosed is not true
DSM-IV Criteria: ADHD
4 things
A. Either (I) or (II)
I. Inattention: e.g., difficulty organizing tasks, does not seem to listen when spoken to
II. Hyperactivity and impulsivity: e.g., often fidgets or squirms, has difficulty awaiting turn

B. At least some of the symptoms present before age 7

C. Impairment present in two or more settings

D. Clear evidence of significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning
Neurological Basis: ADHD ***
1.Abnormalities of CC

2.Frontal Lobes
-Symmetry
-PET studies /Metabolism

3. Frontal-basal circuitry (inhibitory function)
What are the two important processes in reading? describe.
Word recognition: orthography
- recognizing a unique pattern of letters.
- ex: no meaning from chinese sentence
Comprehension: semantics; increases with WM & experience
What are the two foundations of reading skill?
1. Letter
- kids who know them learn to read more easily

2.Phonological awareness: GPC
- kids to can readily distinguish language sounds
*** Verbal learning disorders: Dyslexia.
What are the two models
1. Visual Processing Model
Magnocellular/parvocellular systems

2. Auditory (Phonological) Model
Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion (GPC)
Phonological awareness
Planum temporale (L = R, L< R, ectopias)
CC/frontal cortex
Describe the chronology of math skills
By 6 yr: simple addition using their fingers
- do this in a series of steps of higher and higher sophistication with the hands


By 1st grade: can add and subtract mentally
- begin with larger number and add on


By 8 - 9: know addition tables and can add single digits by memory

-not a rigid development pathway
Mathematics Disorder called?
Dyscalculia
Dyscalculia: 3 main problems
Failure to understand concepts
Failure to recognize symbols
Failure to remember operations
*****Neurological Basis: Dyscalculia
Preserved linguistic skills
Posterior & Anterior RH (white matter)
RH = interregional integration
LH = intraregional specialization

Goldberg & Costa R-L shift
CHAP 8
Desrcibe the systems view of a family
- everybody effects everyone
- not just parents on child.
- not just family on family
-but also extended family, work, social status, school.....
What are the general effects of birth order:
1st born: guinea pigs, parents enthusiastic but little practicle experience.
- more affectionate, more punitive, high expectation

- higher intellegence, longer school
- more pleasing

Younger: realistic expectations, relaxed
- less concerned with pleasing,
- better with peers
which stage of erikson are we at now? which one do we move into?
3. Concrete Operational
Egocentricism wanes
- things are not always as they appear
Mental operations emerge (conservation tasks)
- but thought is still concrete

4. Formal Operational
Abstract /hypothetical thought emerges app 11 yrs
- develop Deductive reasoning
Describe the chronology of describing others. important to do because?
At 7, children describe others in concrete terms

By 10, they use more psychological traits

At 16, descriptions are integrated into a cohesive account

Children's descriptions begin to help them to predict how others will behave
What are selmans 5 stages of perspective taking? age? describe
Undifferentiated (3-6 years) egocentric
Social-Informational (4-9 years) knowledge
Self-Reflective (7-12 years) empathy
Third-Person (10-15 years) objective
Societal (14 years to adult) personal history



Knowledge: if he had the information, then they would understand
Empathy: If he were in my shoes he would see the situation, and he would understand
Objective: Seeing both views, pros and cons of both
Personal history: How have things played out in the past?