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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
learning
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change in behavior due to experience, has to be somewhat permanent
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associative learning
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learning to link 2 different things together (events or stimuli(
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classical conditioning
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learning to associate 2 different events or stimuli that usu. don't go together
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operant conditioning
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learning to link your behavior with a consequence
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Ivan Pavlol
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father of classical conditiong; was able to train dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
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something that produces an automatic response; don't have to learn to respond to
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Unconditioned Response (UCR)
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unlearned naturally occuring response
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Neutral Stimulus
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object/event that has no automatic response associated withit
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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object/event that learn to respond to
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Conditioned Response (CR)
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learned response to conditional stimuli
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Acquisition
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when nuetral stimulus has become a conditioned stimulus; when learning takes place
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Delayed Conditioning
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CS presented 1st, then UCS presented while CS still present; most effective
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Trace Conditioning
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CS presented, short break, UCS presented
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Simultaneous Conditionin
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CS & UCS preseneted at same time
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Backward Conditioning
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UCS presented, then CS presented; least effective
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Extinction
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CS doesn't produce a CR; occurs by presenting the CS without the UCS
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Spontaneous Recovery
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Reappearance of a CR after it has been extinguished
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Generalization
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when CR occurs in response to things that are similar to CS
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Discrimination
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taught to tell difference btwn similar stimuli
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John B. Watson & Rosalie Rayner
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Little Albert Study (fear white rat)
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Aversive Conditioning
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learning that a stimulus has something bad associated with it
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Higher Order/ Secondary Conditioning
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learning to associate a CS with another stimuls so CS becomes UCS
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B.F. Skinner
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elaborated on law of Effect
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Positive Reinforcement
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adding something to increase behavior
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Negative Reinforcement
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removal of something negative to increase behavior
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Positive Punishment (Presentation)
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adding something negative to decrease behavior
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Negative Punishment (Omission Training)
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take someting positive away to decrease behavior
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Shaping
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rewarding responses closer & closer to the desired beavior & ignore other behaviors
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Chaining
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linking separate behaviors into 1 complex activity
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Avoidance Learning
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instead of learning not to engage in the behavior, you learn how to avoid the punishment
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Escape Learning
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learn how to escape or get rid of the unpleasant punishment
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Premack Principle
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a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a non-preferred activity
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Continuous
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gives a reward each time they exhibit the desired behavior; learns quickly
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Partial
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only reinforce some of the time; harder to extinguish
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Fixed Ratio
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rewarded after set # of responses
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Variable Ratio
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rewarded after changing # of responses
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Fixed interval
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rewarded after set amount of time
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variable interval
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rewarded after changing amount of tiem
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Skinner Box/ Operant Chamber
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cage or device equipped to deliver rewards or punishments
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Garcia Affect (Taste Aversion)
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if you eat something and it makes you sick, you will not want to eat it again
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Primary Reinforcers
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An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
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Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcers
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A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
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Generalized Reinforcers
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specific type of 2nd reinforcers; used in token economies
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Token Economy
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given tokens for desired behavior; can trade in tokens
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Latent Learning
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Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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Cognitive Map
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mental representation of the layout of one's environment
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Instinctive Drift
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when animals revert to their biologically predisposed patterns;
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Cognitive View
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there are times when learning has occured, but is not shown in behvior; evidence-latent learning
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Observational learning
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Learning by observing others
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Albert Bandura
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conducted Bobo Doll Experiment
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Bobo Doll Experiment
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pre-school children watched adults beat up bobo doll and when put in room by themselves & frustrated kids did the same thing; Findings-learn through observation
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Abstract Learning
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involves understanding concepts, not just recognizing a picture
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insight learning
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suddenly realize how to solve a problem
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Law of Effect
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if the consequences of a behavior are pleasant, the stimulus response connection will be strengthened and the likelihood of the behavior will increase
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