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54 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
learning
change in behavior due to experience, has to be somewhat permanent
associative learning
learning to link 2 different things together (events or stimuli(
classical conditioning
learning to associate 2 different events or stimuli that usu. don't go together
operant conditioning
learning to link your behavior with a consequence
Ivan Pavlol
father of classical conditiong; was able to train dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
something that produces an automatic response; don't have to learn to respond to
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
unlearned naturally occuring response
Neutral Stimulus
object/event that has no automatic response associated withit
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
object/event that learn to respond to
Conditioned Response (CR)
learned response to conditional stimuli
Acquisition
when nuetral stimulus has become a conditioned stimulus; when learning takes place
Delayed Conditioning
CS presented 1st, then UCS presented while CS still present; most effective
Trace Conditioning
CS presented, short break, UCS presented
Simultaneous Conditionin
CS & UCS preseneted at same time
Backward Conditioning
UCS presented, then CS presented; least effective
Extinction
CS doesn't produce a CR; occurs by presenting the CS without the UCS
Spontaneous Recovery
Reappearance of a CR after it has been extinguished
Generalization
when CR occurs in response to things that are similar to CS
Discrimination
taught to tell difference btwn similar stimuli
John B. Watson & Rosalie Rayner
Little Albert Study (fear white rat)
Aversive Conditioning
learning that a stimulus has something bad associated with it
Higher Order/ Secondary Conditioning
learning to associate a CS with another stimuls so CS becomes UCS
B.F. Skinner
elaborated on law of Effect
Positive Reinforcement
adding something to increase behavior
Negative Reinforcement
removal of something negative to increase behavior
Positive Punishment (Presentation)
adding something negative to decrease behavior
Negative Punishment (Omission Training)
take someting positive away to decrease behavior
Shaping
rewarding responses closer & closer to the desired beavior & ignore other behaviors
Chaining
linking separate behaviors into 1 complex activity
Avoidance Learning
instead of learning not to engage in the behavior, you learn how to avoid the punishment
Escape Learning
learn how to escape or get rid of the unpleasant punishment
Premack Principle
a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a non-preferred activity
Continuous
gives a reward each time they exhibit the desired behavior; learns quickly
Partial
only reinforce some of the time; harder to extinguish
Fixed Ratio
rewarded after set # of responses
Variable Ratio
rewarded after changing # of responses
Fixed interval
rewarded after set amount of time
variable interval
rewarded after changing amount of tiem
Skinner Box/ Operant Chamber
cage or device equipped to deliver rewards or punishments
Garcia Affect (Taste Aversion)
if you eat something and it makes you sick, you will not want to eat it again
Primary Reinforcers
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcers
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
Generalized Reinforcers
specific type of 2nd reinforcers; used in token economies
Token Economy
given tokens for desired behavior; can trade in tokens
Latent Learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Cognitive Map
mental representation of the layout of one's environment
Instinctive Drift
when animals revert to their biologically predisposed patterns;
Cognitive View
there are times when learning has occured, but is not shown in behvior; evidence-latent learning
Observational learning
Learning by observing others
Albert Bandura
conducted Bobo Doll Experiment
Bobo Doll Experiment
pre-school children watched adults beat up bobo doll and when put in room by themselves & frustrated kids did the same thing; Findings-learn through observation
Abstract Learning
involves understanding concepts, not just recognizing a picture
insight learning
suddenly realize how to solve a problem
Law of Effect
if the consequences of a behavior are pleasant, the stimulus response connection will be strengthened and the likelihood of the behavior will increase