Psych Last Few Chapters

Front 1

who is more affected by ostracism men or women

Back 1

women

Front 2

uses of ostracism

Back 2

control people, cultural uses

Front 3

how do people respond to ostracism

Back 3

drepressed mood, painful, efforts to appease -> withdrawal if it doesn't work, self destructive behavior

Front 4

what leads to friendship and attraction

Back 4

proximity, interaction, mere exposure

Front 5

proximity rule of attraction

Back 5

the closer you are to a person the more likely you are to like them

Front 6

interaction rule of attraction

Back 6

the more you interact with someone the more likely you are to like them

Front 7

fuctional distance

Back 7

how often your paths cross

Front 8

imprinting

Back 8

falling for anyone who shows interests in you and has similar interests as you

Front 9

anticipation rule of attraction

Back 9

anticipation of interacting with someone can increase your liking of them

Front 10

mere exposure rule of attraction

Back 10

the more often you see something/one you become more familiar with it and the more you will like them

Front 11

studies have found the looks _____ on the first date

Back 11

do matter

Front 12

the matching phenomenon

Back 12

tendency to pair off with people who are equally as attractive as us

Front 13

physical attractiveness stereotypes; why is this slightly valid

Back 13

beautiful people are good and only have good traits; attractive people are more socially relaxed

Front 14

self fulfilling prophecy of attractive people

Back 14

if you think someone is attractive they will seem more fun and flirty

Front 15

what kind of faces do we find attractive

Back 15

average and symmetrical faces

Front 16

evolutionary factors of attractiveness

Back 16

youth-procreative years

live longer

fertility

women are most fertile time of the month look the most attractive

Front 17

social comparison of attractiveness

Back 17

seeing beautiful people all of the time can make average people look less attracitve

Front 18

love and attractiveness

Back 18

we are attracted to those we love and people who have been together a long time think their spouse is more attractive

Front 19

similarity vs. complementary

Back 19

similarity: people who are similar will be together (birds of a feather) people who are opposites will be together (opposites attract)

Front 20

people aren't similar can develop a _____ for each other; this is especially true when talking about things that are _______

Back 20

adisliking; important to you

Front 21

attitude alignment

Back 21

more time you spend around other people the more likely aspects of each other will align

Front 22

traits that you don't like about yourself you will dislike more in____

Back 22

other people

Front 23

attribution;

self esteem (ex)

Back 23

why do people like us (ulterior motives);

do people seem too desperate to be your friend (rebounds)

Front 24

ingratiation ; doesn't work it

Back 24

devaluing themselves in the process of trying to get you to like them; if the flattery is not true or too much flattery

Front 25

gaining another's esteem and attraction

Back 25

we like someone more if they dislike us

Front 26

reward theory of attraction

Back 26

more likely to be with people we find satisfying to be with; must be more rewarding than the alternative

Front 27

liking by association

Back 27

increased attraction b/t couples who do fun and dangerous things together

Front 28

triangle of love (____);

romantic love,

intimacy,

compassionate love,

decision/commitment,

fatuous love,

passion,

Back 28

sternberg,

intimacy and passion,

liking,

intimacy and commitment

empty love,

passion and commitment,

infatuation,

Front 29

sternbergs triangle of love requires

Back 29

intimacy, decision/commitment, and passion

Front 30

two factor theory of emotion

Back 30

emotion is based on physiology and cognitve arousal; misatribution -> increased adrenaline will make others seem more attractive

Front 31

which gender falls in love more quickly?
more likely to break up a non marriage relationship?

value friendship aspect of relationship?value physical and playful aspect of relationship?

Back 31

men,women,women, men

Front 32

companionate love

Back 32

love that grows over time;

Front 33

attachment styles are based on

Back 33

the responsiveness of your caregiver

Front 34

dismissing,

fearful,

preoccupied

Back 34

don't need others,

craving intimacy but pushing it away

am I good enough for the other person

Front 35

equity in a relationship is important because

Back 35

as perceived equity increases so does satisfaction.

Front 36

self disclosure; leads to the _____

Back 36

idea of sharing intimate private info; liking cycle: person who disclose a little bit -> we like them better -> so we share -> they like us better and then they share

Front 37

disclosure reciprocity

Back 37

has to be equal sharing of info or it's weird

Front 38

growth promoting listeners (_____); more likely to be ____ and ____

Back 38

Rogers; people skilled in making others feel heard and important ; women and mental health field people

Front 39

enduring marriage factors (5)

Back 39

enduring love and satisfaction

ignore other potential partners

economic and social barriers

moral obligation

good intentions

Front 40

moral obligations that keep people in a relationship

Back 40

religions that discourage divorce

Front 41

economic and social barriers that keep people in a relationship

Back 41

societies that stigmatize divorce

Front 42

good intentions that keep a relationship together

Back 42

people who get married with the intention of staying together

Front 43

enduring marriage predictors (8)

Back 43

after age 20 or similar age

stable 2 parent homes

long time dating (but too long -> obligation or scared of commitment)

highly or similarly educated

highly or similarly religious

stable income

small town or farm

not cohabiting or pregnant

Front 44

how people cope in a bad relationship

Back 44

loyalty: stick it out

neglect: ignore spouse and live separately (men)

voice: express concerns (women)

Front 45

5:1 positive-negative ratio (____):

Back 45

Gottman: when couples communicate if there is a ratio of 5 good comments to 1 bad comment then like... that's a good relationship

Front 46

demand withdrawal pattern

Back 46

1 person demands (says what is bothering them) and the other withdraws (ignores and doesn't change)

Front 47

4 horsemen of the apocalypse

Back 47

criticism, contempt, defensiveness, stonewalling

Front 48

crticism,

contempt,

defensiveness,

stonewalling

Back 48

personal attacks, negatively label attributes, use words like "never" and "always";

attacking persons sense of self with the intent to insult;

seeing self as victim, making excuses, not listening to others POV;

completely withdrawing

Front 49

divorce from an individualistic POV? narcissistic?

Back 49

what am i getting out of this relationship for me;

need constant admiration

Front 50

annual number of divorcees

annual number of divorced people

Back 50

.38% of popu.

.74%

Front 51

the detachment process

more painful when ____

Back 51

agitated preoccupation -> sadness -> detachment ,not always linear;

closer, longer, fewer options,

Front 52

altruism vs. egoism when helping

Back 52

do we do it to help others vs. to get attention or some benefit

Front 53

social exchange theory

-usually done consciously/unconciously

-external rewards

-internal rewards

Back 53

min-loss and cost and max- benefits

-unconsciously

-good reputation, acceptance

-get rid of your distress from seeing someone else in distress ex. shaking the baby

Front 54

emotion associated with feel bad-do good phenomenon; exception

Back 54

guilt; intense grief b/c you don't have it in you to care about others

Front 55

reciprocity norms; when does it not work

Back 55

those who help you should get help from you not harm ; when people are really proud or high in self esteem but can't reciprocate your favor ex. people who get angry when you help them

Front 56

social responsibilty norm; ex.

Back 56

people who are independent but can't reciprocate the favor should be helped anyway

ex. elderly, kids, the sick

Front 57

gender and helping;

women are more likely to ____ (4)

men are more likely to ___ (2)

Back 57

get help when its short term and when they are alone, more likely to help both genders, and ask for help, help in dangerous situations if they know the person;

help women and even more likely to help attractive women, more likely to help in dangerous situations

Front 58

kin protection

Back 58

will be more likely to sacrifice self than your kids

Front 59

kin selection

Back 59

i think it's more likely to protect those who share the same genes as you

Front 60

reciprocity and group selection

Back 60

helping works best in small isolated groups were helpee will have a chance to reciprocate

Front 61

empathy; (3)

Back 61

vicarious experience were you focus more on other distress than your own ;

attachment , identification, other-focused

Front 62

positives of empathy

Back 62

decreases negative attitudes, inhibits aggression, increases

Front 63

negatives of empathy (4)

Back 63

more likely to risk life for other people, burnout, psychologically harm other person-embarrassed;

favoritism (give reward to person to make them feel better)(focus more on the one you love than the most injured)

Front 64

bystander

-notice

interpreting

assuming responsibility

Back 64

notice person

interpret as an ER (conflict: we need to help/ we need to do what everyone else is doing)

assume someone else to take care of tit

Front 65

informational influence

Back 65

look for others to know what to do

Front 66

illusion of transparency

Back 66

people cared but didn't show it on their face

Front 67

prosocial model

Back 67

more likely to help when you see someone else help

Front 68

less likely to help when_____

Back 68

in a rush

Front 69

network of traits

Back 69

multiple traits theorize helping (happy person, high in empathy, high in self efficacy)

Front 70

how to reduce ambiguity and increase responsibility

Back 70

other's reactions and labels

personal appeals

increase self awareness

Front 71

socializing altruism

Back 71

teaching moral inclusion (who is in your circle of moral concern)

Front 72

modeling altruism

Back 72

people see help will more likely help too

Front 73

socializing altruism; more attributed to ____

Back 73

learn by doing; more attributed to what they are doing to altruistic motives;

Front 74

conflict

Back 74

perceived incompatibility of actions or goals

Front 75

conflict and social dilemmas; ex.

Back 75

individual cost/benefits differs from collective cost/benefits

ex. global warming, overpopulation

Front 76

prisoner's dilemma

Back 76

give up partner -> other person gets 10 years

both give each other up -> both get 5 years

neither give each other up -> both get 1 year

Front 77

The tragedy of the commons

Back 77

commons: any shared limited resource

everyone must use it in moderation for natural replenishment; both collectivist and individualist believe

Front 78

fundamental attribution error and conflict; who does it the most

Back 78

I have a good reason others are greedy; self-inflating, self-focused, narcissists

Front 79

changing motives social trap

Back 79

to gain reward and minimize loss you through your partner under the bus and if it doesn't work you try and save face, avoid defeat

Front 80

non zero-sum games social trap

Back 80

mixed motive situations or instances were when people put themselves before the community the community benefits as well

Front 81

3 social traps

Back 81

non-zero sum games, changing motives and fundamental attribution error

Front 82

resolving social dilemmas

-regulation

-small groups

-subdivide "commons"

-communication

-change payoffs-

appeal to altruisitc norms

Back 82

-developing rules

-people feel more responsible so less bad

-your contributions are more identifiable

-people talking in a group are more likely to help each other than when they don't talk

-ex. carpooling-save time

-social responsibilty,keep commitments, keep morality

Front 83

robber's cave study (_____)

Back 83

sharif

Front 84

what creates conflict

Back 84

competition of scarce resources (realistic group conflict), identifiable competing outgroup, perceived injustice (equity), rxns of the exploiters or exploited

Front 85

justice =

Back 85

equity

my outcomes/my inputs = your outcomes/your inputs

Front 86

the exploiters or the exploited are less sensitive to inequity

Back 86

exploiters

Front 87

rxns of the exploited

Back 87

accept and justify inferior position, demand compensation, ask for more

Front 88

what type of exploited person is more likely to retaliate

Back 88

highly educated individual how knows that that they deserve more

Front 89

in noncapitalist cultures justice =

Back 89

equality

Front 90

misperception and conflict

Back 90

self serving bias - accept credit for good deeds and not take responsiblity for bad deeds

-self justification- deny the wrongs of their evil acts ( i didn't hit him i just touched him)

-fundamental att. err. - each group thinks that the other is hostile and bad

-preconceptions-filters info to fit preconceptions

-polarization

-groupthink

-ingroup bias

-stereotype- neg stereotypes of other group

Front 91

mirror image perceptions

self confirming images

Back 91

both groups think that the other group is bad

see what you want to see and exaggerate differences

Front 92

how can contact decrease and increase conflict

Back 92

studies showed a 94% positive results in desegregation and a decrease in racial attitudes -> friendship and equal status contact;

it can also lead to anxiety or perceived threat or people will self impose segregation which leads to pluralistic ignorance

Front 93

people cooperate more when

Back 93

there is a common threat, have a superordinate goal that requires cooperation to achieve

Front 94

what 3 things are required to be a superordinate goal

Back 94

require cooperation, achievable, and redefine group

Front 95

cooperative learning

Back 95

teach each person something different so that they have to come together and teach each other

Front 96

jigsaw classroom

Back 96

intentionally sort students in class room in a certain way so student who wouldn't interact do

Front 97

assimilation vs. bi/multiculturalism

Back 97

trying to get you to become more like the majority

have people keep their original customs and create a more diverse more community

Front 98

communication options

Back 98

bargaining, mediation, arbitration

Front 99

bargaining

mediation

arbitraiton

Back 99

direct negotiation b/t 2 parties in conflict

- bringing in mediator during bargaining

-go to higher power and that person decides the outcome

Front 100

integrative agreement

Back 100

both people win; longer lasting

Front 101

compromise

Back 101

both parties give something else (no one is happy b/c loss on both sides

Front 102

mediation tactics

Back 102

id and rank goals, state facts and i-statements, role reversal, restate and reply, establish trust, avoid reactive devaluation (ignore statements if they are made by indiviuals whose value you don't care for .

Front 103

what is GRIT

steps

Back 103

graduated and reciprocated inititiatives and tension-reduction

(complete conciliatory acts, reciprocate in kind)

Front 104

kyoto protocol

Back 104

agreement made to reduce greenhouse effects, between countries

Front 105

relationship between money and love over the years

Back 105

studies have found that people are increasingly more interested in finding love than money

Front 106

relationship between having a meaningful life philosophy and being well off financially

Back 106

studies have found that people are increasingly more interested in being well off financially than developing a meaningful life philosophy

Front 107

why does materialism fail to satisfy

Back 107

social comparison-we compare our success to others

upward comparison- we compare our success to people who are "better" than us

relative deprivation- perception that we are worse off to the people that we compare ourselves to

Front 108

ways to reduce consumption

Back 108

control population and moderate consumption

Front 109

public and economic polices towards sustainability

Back 109

incentives for conservation and disincentives for consumption

Front 110

social pressures for sustainability

individual choices

Back 110

true cost, carbon nutrality, and emissions trading;

consciousness and voluntary simplicity movement

Front 111

ways to move away from materialism

Back 111

close supportive relationships, faith communities, positive thinking habits, flow (find work that puts you in "the zone"

Front 112

ways to get happy

Back 112

don't overvalue wealth, take control of life and time, work towards long term goals, act happy, exercies, priorities close relationships, be optimistic, be spiritual, engage in challenging tasks