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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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phi phenomenon
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- Max Wertheimer- perception of movement produced by the successive flashing of images- flashing of lights that seeem to circle around a movie marquee
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trichromatic theory
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proposes that we base our color vision on 3 colors- red green blue
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what does color blindness stem from
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absence or reduced number of one or more types of cones stemming from genetic abnormalities
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monochromats
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people with only one type of cone, who lose all color vision
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dichromats
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people who have two cones and are missing only one
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trichromats
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humans apes and some monkeys - close primate reelatives possess 3 kind of cones
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opponent process theory
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we perceive colors in terms of 3 pairs of opponent colors: red- green, blue- yellow, black- white
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glial cells
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glue cells-, surround the synapse and provide protective scaffolding remarkably plentiful
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astrocytes
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most abundant of glial cells,
communicate closely with neurons, increase reliability of their transmission, control blood flow in brain, and play a vital role in development of the embryo, fatty coating that wraps around tiny blood vessels |
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oligodendrocyte
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promotes new connections among nerve cells and releases chemicals to aid inhealing
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mylein sheath
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glial cells wrapped aorund axons that act as insulators of the neuron's signal
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nodes
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gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon
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resting potential
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electrical charge difference across teh neuronal membrane, when the neuronis not being bstimulated or inhibited
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threshold
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membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential
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threshold
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membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential
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action potential
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electrical impulse that travels down the axons triggering the release of neurotransmitters
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absolute refractory period
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time during which another action ptoential is impossible limits maximal firing rate
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receptor site
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location that uniquely recognizes a eurotransmitter
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reuptake
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means of recycling neurotransmitters
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dfifference between electrical and chemical events
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electrical events transmit info within neurons, chemical e vents are among neurons
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glutamate
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main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, participates in relay of sensory info and learning
alcohol and memory enhancers interact with N- methyl-D- asparate |
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gamma aminobutyric acid GABA
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main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system- alcohol and antianxiety drugs increase GABA activity
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acetylcholine
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muscle contraction PNS
cortical arousal CNS nicotine stimulates ACh receptors memory enhancers increase ACh insecticides block the breakdown of ACh botox causes paralysis by blocking ACh |
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norepinephrine NE
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brain arousal and other functions like mood, hunger, and sleep
amphetamine and methamphetamine increase NE |
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dopamine
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motor function and reward
l-Dopa which increases dopamine, is used to treat parkinson's disease antipsychotic drugs, block dopamine action |
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serotonin
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mood and temperature regulation, aggression and sleep cycles
antidepressants are used ot treat depression |
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endorphins
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pain reduction- narcotic drugs/ cideine, morphine, adn heroin, reduce pain and produce euphoria
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anandamide
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pain reduction, increase in appetite - Tetrahydrocannonabinol- THC
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forebrain/ cerebrum
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most highly developed area of the human brain
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cerebral hemispheres
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two halves of the cerebral cortex, each of which serve distinct yet highly integrated functions
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corpus callosum
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large band of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
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cerebral cortex
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outermost part of forebrain, responsible for analyzing sensory processing and higher brain functions
cortex- means bark- outer layer |
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frontal lobe
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forward part of cerebral cortex responsible for motor function language memory and planning
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motor cortex
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part of frontal lobe responsible for body movement
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prefrontal cortex
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part of frontal lobe respoonsbile for thinking planning and language
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broca's area
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language areea in th eprefrontal cortex that helps to control speech production
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wernicke's area
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interprets spoken and written language
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auditory association cortex
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aanalyzes data about sound, so that we can recognize words or melodies
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primary auditory cortex
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detects discrete qualities of sound , such as pitch and volume
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primary visual cortex
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receives nerve impulses from the visual thalamus
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visual association cortex
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analyzes visual data to form images
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primary somatosensory cortex
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analyzes visual data to form images
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motor cortex
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generates signals responsible for voluntary movements
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prefrontal cortex
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ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS ASPECTS of behavior and personality
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parietal lobe
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upper middle part of the cereb ral cortex lying behind the frontal lobe that is specialized for touch and perception
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temporal lobe
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lower part of cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language, and memory
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occipital lobe
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back part of cerebral cortex specialized for vision
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basal ganglia
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structures in the forebrain that help to control movement
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limbic system
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emotional center of brain that also plays roles in smell motivation and memory
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thalamus
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gateway from the sense organs to the primary sensory cortex
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hypothalams
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part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state
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amygdala
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part of the limbic system that plays key roles in fear, excitement, and arousal
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hippocampus
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part of the brain that plays a role in spatial memory
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what type of studies allow us to draw cuase and effect conclusions
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experimental designs, they permit cause and effect inferences- random assignment of participants to conditions
manipulation of an independent variable |
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random assignment
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randomly sorting participants into two groups
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experimental group
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in an experiment, the group of participants
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control group
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in an experiment the group of participants that doesn't receive the manipulation
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independent variable
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variable that an experimenter manipulates
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dependent variable
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variable that an experimenter measurers to see whether the manipulation has an effect
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operational definition
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a working definition of what a researcher is measuring
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confounding variable
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any differnece between the experimental and control groups
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placebo effect
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improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement
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nocebo effect
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resulting from mere expectation of harm
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experimenter expectancy effect
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phenomenon in which researchers hypothesis leads them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study
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double blind
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when neither researchers nor participants are awar e of who's in the experimental or control gorup
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double blind experiment
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when neither researchers nor participants are awar eof who's in the experiemental or control group
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descriptive statistics
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numerical characterization s that describe data
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central tendency
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measure of the central scores in a data set ro where the group tends to cluster
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standard deviation
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measure of dispersion that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean
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inferential statistics
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math methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population
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statistical significance
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when finding would have occurred by chance less than 5 times in 100
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practical significance
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real world importance
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echoic memory
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auditory sensory memory
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short term memory
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memory system that retains info for limited durations
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decay
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fading of info from memory over time
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interference
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loss of info from memory b/c of competition from additional incoming info
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retroactive interference
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interference w/ retention of old info due to acquisition of new info
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proactive interference
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interfercne with acquisition of new info due to previous learning of info
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serial position curve
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graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people's ability to recall items on a list
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semantic memory
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our knowledge of facts about the world
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episodic memory
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recollection of events in our lives
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explicit memory
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memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness
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implicit memory
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memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
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procedural memory
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memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits
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priming
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our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli
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storage
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process of keeping info in memory
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schema
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organized knowledge structure or mental model that we've stored inmemory
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retrieval
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reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores
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secondary reinforcer
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natural object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer- becomes associated with the primary, often a token, chip, or something
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primary reinforcer
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item or outcome that naturally increases the target behavior - food/ drink
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discrete emotions theror y
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humans experience a small number of distinct emotions even if they combine in complex ways
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primary emotions
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small number of emotions believed by some theorists to be cross culturally universal- happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, , surprise, contempt, anger
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