Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is stress?
|
Stress is a psychological and physical response of the body that occurs whenever we must adapt to changing conditions, whether those conditions be real or perceived, positive or negative. Although everyone has stress in their lives, people respond to stress in different ways. Some people seem to be severely affected while others seem calm, cool, and collected all the time. Regardless, we all have it. It's also important to note that there are two types of stress, Eustress (good stress) and Distress (not so good stress).
|
|
|
What does it mean to say stress is a process?
|
The Stress Process:
Stage 1 = A physical or psychological demand is placed on the individual. Stage 2 = The individual makes a perception about the demand based on what they think their ability to meet the demand is. If the person perceives an imbalance between what is being asked and what they can do, the stress process continues. Trait anxious people tend to view more situations as threatening which has an influence at this stage. Stage 3 = This is the individual’s physical and psychological response to the perception of the situation. If an imbalance between demands and response capability is perceived, there will be increased state anxiety, increased worries, heightened physiological activation, possible changes in concentration and increased muscle tension. Stage 4 =This is the actual behavior of the individual. Performance may decline due to the problems of state anxiety or improve because of increased intensity.This stage feeds back into the first stage. E.g. a pupil demonstrates in front of a class but fails, the others laugh and this then becomes another demand on the pupil, so the cycle continues. |
|
|
What is primary appraisal of stress?
|
Primary appraisal is an assessment of how significant an event is for a person, including whether it is a threat or opportunity.
|
|
|
What is secondary appraisal of stress? |
Secondary appraisal then considers one's ability to cope or take advantage of the situation. |
|
|
What is eustress? |
Eustress means beneficial stress—either psychological, physical (e.g. exercise), or biochemical/radiological (hormesis). The term was coined by endocrinologist Hans Selye, consisting of the Greek prefix eu- meaning "good", and stress, literally meaning "good stress". Example; GETTING OVER A REJECTION - whether it's a job, relationship or some other opportunity, eustress sustains us and helps us learn, grow as individuals - and find the silver lining |
|
|
What is the relationship between stress and performance level (hint: see Figure 14.4)? |
|
|
|
What happens during the fight-or-flight response? |
Fight-or-flight response, response to an acute threat to survival that is marked by physical changes, including nervous and endocrine changes, that prepare a human or an animal to react or to retreat. The functions of this response were first described in the early 1900s by American neurologist and physiologist Walter Bradford Cannon. |
|
|
What is the purpose of fight or flight? |
This fundamental physiologic response forms the foundation of modern day stress medicine. The "fight or flight response" is our body's primitive, automatic, inborn response that prepares the body to "fight" or "flee" from perceived attack, harm or threat to our survival. |
|
|
Describe the stages of Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome. |
Stages of GAS: 1: Alarm = Upon perceiving a stressor, the body reacts with a “fight-or-flight” response and the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated as the body’s resources are mobilized to meet the threat or danger. 2: Resistance = The body resists and compensates as the parasympathetic nervous system attempts to return many physiological functions to normal levels while body focuses resources against the stressor and remains on alert. 3: Exhaustion = If the stressor or stressors continue beyond the body’s capacity, the resources become exhausted and the body is susceptible to disease and death. |
|
|
How does this syndrome explain how chronic stress might eventually lead to disease or illness? |
At this stage, the person is no longer able to adapt to the stressor: the body’s ability to resist becomes depleted as physical wear takes its toll on the body’s tissues and organs. As a result, illness, disease, and other permanent damage to the body—even death—may occur. If a missing child still remained missing after three months, the long-term stress associated with this situation may cause a parent to literally faint withexhaustion at some point or even to develop a serious and irreversible illness |
|
|
What is the role of the HPA axis in the stress response? |
HPA Axis: The hypothalamus activates the pituitary gland, which in turn activates the adrenal glands, increasing their secretion of cortisol (stress hormone) |
|
|
What is the name of the “stress hormone”? |
cortisol |
|
|
What is coping? |
Coping: mental/behavioral efforts used to deal with problems related to stress Two coping styles – emotion-focused and problem-focusedPerceived controlSocial support |
|
|
Define the two primary coping styles. |
Problem-focused strategy = This strategy relies on using active ways to directly tackle the situation that caused the stress: you must concentrate on the problem. Examples: 1) Analyze the situation E.g. Pay attention, avoid taking on more responsibility than you can manage. 2) Work harder E.g. Stay up all night to study for an exam 3) Apply what you have already learned to your daily life. E.g. You lose your job for the second time - you now know the steps to apply for a new job 4) Talk to a person that has a direct impact on the situation E.g. Talk directly to your boss to ask for an extension to the project that is due in one week. Emotion-focused strategy = Emotion-focused coping strategies are used to handle feelings of distress, rather than the actual problem situation. You focus on your emotions: 1) Brood e.g. you accept new tasks instead of saying “no”, but you keep complaining and saying it is unfair.Imagine/Magic thinking e.g. You dream about a better financial situation. 2) Avoid/Deny e.g. You avoid everything that is related to this situation or you take drugs and/or alcohol to escape from this situation. 3)Blame e.g. You blame yourself or others for the situation. 4)Social support e.g. You talk to your best friend about your concerns. |
|
|
What is the role of perceived control in stress? |
1) "Self-efficacy" to describe people's internal beliefs about their ability to have an impact on events that affect their lives. Your self-efficacy is your belief in your own effectiveness as a person, both generally in terms of managing your life, and specifically with regard to competently dealing with individual tasks. In the context of stress, self-efficacy describes your beliefs about your ability to handle stressful situations. 2) A large amount of research has demonstrated quite convincingly that possessing high levels of self-efficacy acts to decrease people's potential for experiencing negative stress feelings by increasing their sense of being in control of the situations they encounter. The perception of being in control (rather than the reality of being in or out of control) is an important buffer of negative stress. 3) When people feel that they are not in control, they start feeling stressed, even if they actually are in control and simply don't know it. Another reason that people feel stressed is when they feel out of control because they do not possess the appropriate coping skills, resources, etc. to adequately cope with the situation. |
|
|
What is the role of social support in stress? |
Social support is so important that social isolation can lead to depression, anxiety, and other negative emotions. ... Supportive resources can be emotional, tangible, intangible, informational, and companion-based. The term "social coping" refers to a person seeking social support while under stress. Social support is the perception or actualization of care or assistance from a social network. Social coping refers to the seeking of social support in the presence of stressful situations. Social support can be emotional, tangible, informational, or can come from companionship that is either subjectively perceived or objectively received. Structural support is the size of the social network available, while functional support is the type of support the network can provide. Social support provides for the successful management of stress and stressful events. It has positive effects on both the mind and body. The two main theories of social support and stress management are the buffering hypothesis, which is supported by the social and coping theory, and the direct-effects hypothesis, which is supported by the relational regulation theory. |
|
|
Explain how each of the following techniques work to reduce stress: Exercise |
Exercise - reduces levels of the body's stress hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol. It also stimulates the production of endorphins, chemicals in the brain that are the body's natural painkillers and mood elevators. |
|
|
Explain how each of the following techniques work to reduce stress: Meditation |
Meditation - 1. sitting upright on a comfortable chair with feet on the ground and body in a relaxed position, 2. a quiet environment with eyes closed, 3. repeating a word or a phrase—a mantra—to oneself, such as “alert mind, calm body,” 4. passively allowing the mind to focus on pleasant thoughts, such as nature or the warmth of your blood nourishing your body. |
|
|
Explain how each of the following techniques work to reduce stress: Biofeedback |
Biofeedback - Biofeedback is a way to measure the body’s physiological responses in real time, and a tool to learn to control them. Biofeedback generally relies on machines that measure heart rate, muscle tension or even brain waves, and usually requires a therapist or other health professional to operate the machine, explain what the readings mean, and work with clients to incorporate the information into lifestyle changes. 1) Physical Awareness: Some physical responses can be easily sensed without equipment, of course. When your body becomes tense, that’s a natural message that you’re stressed. Shallow breathing can be another. Becoming aware of your body’s stress signals can arguably be a sort of natural form of ‘biofeedback’. 2) Household Tools: Scales, thermometers, and even mirrors can tell you about some of your body’s functioning by pointing out excess weight, fevers, and visible signs of stress like acne. |
|
|
What are the three elements of happiness? |
Good life - using skills for enrichment Pleasant life - enjoying daily pleasures Meaningful life - contributing to the greater good |
|
|
What is the relationship between positive or negative life events and happiness? |
Graph shows life satisfaction scores several years before and after three significant life events (0 represents the year the event happened) (Diener et al., 2006). |
|
|
What is positive psychology?
|
Positive Psychology is the scientific study of the strengths that enable individuals and communities to thrive. The field is founded on the belief that people want to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives, to cultivate what is best within themselves, and to enhance their experiences of love, work, and play.
|
|
|
What is optimism?
|
Optimism is a form of positive thinking that includes the belief that you are responsible for your own happiness and that more good things will continue to happen to you in the future. Learn more about optimism, how it differs from pessimism, and more. Introduction to Psychology: Tutoring Solution / Psychology Courses.
|
|
|
What is flow? |
Also known as the zone, is the mental state of operation in which a person performing an activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and enjoyment in the process of the activity. In essence, flow is characterized by complete absorption in what one does. |
|
|
What is a psychological disorder? |
A psychological disorder is a disorder of the mind involving thoughts, behaviors, and emotions that cause either self or others significant distress. Significant distress can mean the person is unable to function, meet personal needs on their own, or are a danger to themselves or others. |
|
|
What is psychopathology? |
Psychopathology is a term which refers to either the study of mental illness or mental distress or the manifestation of behaviours and experiences which may be indicative of mental illness or psychological impairment. The many different professions may be involved in studying mental illness or distress. |
|
|
What is harmful dysfunction? |
Model of psychological disorders resulting from the inability of an internal mechanism to perform its natural function |
|
|
What are the four components of a psychological disorder, according to the American Psychiatric Association? |
There are significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction. The disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one’s life. The disturbances do not reflect expected or culturally approved responses to certain events |
|
|
What is a diagnosis? |
A Psychological Diagnosis is a classification or labeling of a client's stated and perceived difficulties following a formal assessment by a psychologist or trained professional. To make a psychological diagnosis, the psychologist uses the diagnostic guidelines and criteria set down by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). |
|
|
What is comorbidity in diagnoses? |
In medicine, comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional diseases or disorders co-occurring with (that is, concomitant or concurrent with) a primary disease or disorder; in the countable sense of the term, a comorbidity (plural comorbidities) is each additional disorder or disease. |
|
|
What is the diathesis-stress model? |
The diathesis–stress model is a psychological theory that attempts to explain behavior as a pre dispositional vulnerability together with stress from life experiences. |
|
|
What characteristics do all of the anxiety disorders share? |
are characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by relateddisturbances in behavior. Although anxiety is universally experienced, anxiety disorders cause considerable distress. |
|
|
What is a specific phobia? |
A specific phobia is any kind of anxiety disorder that amounts to an unreasonable or irrational fear related to exposure to specific objects or situations. As a result, the affected person tends to actively avoid direct contact with the objects or situations and, in severe cases, any mention or depiction of them. |
|
|
What is agoraphobia? |
an abnormal fear of being in crowds, public places, or open areas, sometimes accompanied by anxiety attacks. |
|
|
How might a phobia be “learned”? |
According to psychology humans develop fears and phobias towards certain objects when they experience traumatic experience related to that object in their early childhood. For example a child might not develop fear of darkness until his mother slams the door accidentally one day while he is in a dark room. The child then associates the shock he has received when the door was slammed with darkness and so he starts to fear darkness later on. Later on comes the media with its distorted facts about darkness to further reinforce the fear that the child has developed earlier. So the causes of fears and phobias are usually scary experiences associated with the feared objects that are reinforced later on by different factors. |
|
|
What is social anxiety disorder? |
Social anxiety disorder, also called social phobia, is an anxiety disorder in which a person has an excessive and unreasonable fear of social situations. Anxiety (intense nervousness) and self-consciousness arise from a fear of being closely watched, judged, and criticized by others. |
|
|
What are safety behaviors? |
Safety behaviors (also known as safety-seeking behaviors) are coping behaviors used to reduce anxiety and fear when the user feels threatened. An example of a safety behavior in social anxiety is to think of excuses to escape a potentially uncomfortable situation. |
|
|
What is panic disorder? |
Panic disorder is a serious condition that strikes without reason or warning. Symptoms of panic disorder include sudden attacks of fear and nervousness, as well as physical symptoms such as sweating and a racing heart. |
|
|
What is a panic attack? |
A panic attack is the abrupt onset of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes and includes at least four of the following symptoms: Palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate. Sweating. Trembling or shaking. Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering. |
|
|
What is a cognitive explanation for how someone might develop panic disorder? |
1) Heritability 2) Increased risk among first-degree relatives 3) Biological – studies of the locus coeruleus 4) Behavioral (Conditioning) 5) Physiological symptoms – CS 6) Panic attack – CR 7) Cognitive 8) Interpretation of physiological symptoms is key |
|
|
What is generalized anxiety disorder? |
A psychological disorder characterized by excessive or disproportionate anxiety about several aspects of life, such as work, social relationships, or financial matters. |
|
|
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder? (Make sure you know what obsessions and compulsions are.) |
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder in which people have unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations (obsessions), or behaviors that make them feel driven to do something (compulsions).Often the person carries out the behaviors to get rid of the obsessive thoughts |
|
|
Obsessions |
a continual thought, concept, picture, or urge which is experienced as invasive and not proper, and results in significant fear, distress, or discomfort. |
|
|
Compulsions |
An uncontrollable impulse to perform an act, often repetitively, as an unconscious mechanism to avoid unacceptable ideas and desires which, by themselves, arouse anxiety. |
|
|
What brain structure seems to be involved in OCD? |
Lobes- Responsible for judgment Basal Ganglia- Which are part of the system frontal for planning behavior |
|
|
What is post-traumatic stress disorder |
a condition of persistent mental and emotional stress occurring as a result of injury or severe psychological shock, typically involving disturbance of sleep and constant vivid recall of the experience, with dulled responses to others and to the outside world. |
|
|
What factor can reduce the likelihood of PTSD? |
Research has shown that social support following a traumatic event can reduce the likelihood of PTSD. Social support is often defined as the comfort, advice, and assistance received from relatives, friends, and neighbors. Social support can help individuals cope during difficult times by allowing them to discuss feelings and experiences and providing a sense of being loved and appreciated. |
|
|
What is major depressive disorder? |
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that is present across most situations. It is often accompanied by low self-esteem, loss of interest in normally enjoyable activities, low energy, and pain without a clear cause. |
|
|
What are three subtypes of depression, and how does each one differ from major depressive disorder? |
1) Seasonal pattern = Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that's related to changes in seasons — SAD begins and ends at about the same times every year. If you're like most people with SAD, your symptoms start in the fall and continue into the winter months, sapping your energy and making you feel moody. Less often, SAD causes depression in the spring or early summer. 2) Peripartum onset = Major Depressive Disorder with Peripartum Onset is characterized by the onset of a full Major Depressive Episode during pregnancy or within four weeks after giving birth. Fifty percent of Women with “Postpartum” major depressive episodes actually begin experiencing symptoms prior to delivery, thus the name “Peripartum.” 3) Persistent depressive disorder = Persistent depressive disorder symptoms usually come and go over a period of years, and their intensity can change over time. But typically symptoms don't disappear for more than two months at a time. In addition, major depressive episodes may occur before or during persistent depressive disorder — this is sometimes called double depression. |
|
|
How does information about the 5-HTTLPR gene and experience of childhood maltreatment illustrate a diathesis-stress model for depression? (Hint: Figure 15.18) |
|
|
|
What is the hopelessness theory of depression? |
Hopelessness theory refers to the view that depression-prone individuals make internal, stable, and global Attributions to explain the causes of negative events, and external, unstable, and specific attributions about positive events. This attributional style results in the individual taking personal blame for negative events in his or her life and leads to helplessness, avoidance, and hopelessness about the future, which promotes further depression. |
|
|
What is schizophrenia? |
a long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation. |
|
|
What are hallucinations, and how do they differ from delusions? (You don’t need to know the different types of delusions.) |
Hallucinations are false or distorted sensory experiences that appear to be veridical perceptions. These sensory impressions are generated by the mind rather than by any external stimuli, and may be seen, heard, felt, and even smelled or tasted. A delusion is a false belief based on incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly sustained despite what almost everybody else believes and despite what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. The belief is not one ordinarily accepted by other members of the person's culture or subculture (e.g., it is not an article of religious faith). |
|
|
What is “disorganized” thinking? |
"Disorganized thinking causes illogical, nonsensical thought patterns. This disorganization is also noticeable in the way an affected person talks. A person with disorganized thinking may not be able to stay on track in a conversation, instead jumping from one unrelated idea to another, so that it's impossible to understand what the person is trying to say. Making up words is common. Written communications also are very disorganized." |
|
|
What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia? |
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia or the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis is a model, attributing symptoms of schizophrenia (like psychoses) to a disturbed and hyperactive dopaminergic signal transduction. |
|
|
What is dissociative identity disorder? |
Dissociative Identity Disorder, formerly referred to as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a condition wherein a person's identity is fragmented into two or more distinct personalities. Sufferers of this rare condition are usually victims of severe abuse. |
|
|
What is dissociative amnesia? |
Dissociative amnesia is one of a group of conditions called dissociative disorders. Dissociative disorders are mental illnesses that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, consciousness, awareness, identity, and/or perception. When one or more of these functions is disrupted, symptoms can result. |
|
|
What is a dissociative fugue? |
Dissociative fugue, formerly fugue state or psychogenic fugue, is a DSM-5 dissociative disorder. It is a rare psychiatric disorder characterized by reversible amnesia for personal identity, including the memories, personality, and other identifying characteristics of individuality. |
|
|
Why is this such a controversial diagnosis? |
Some believe that people fake symptoms to avoid the consequences of illegal actions,A second reason DID is controversial is because rates of the disorder suddenly skyrocketed in the 1980s. More cases of DID were identified during the five years prior to 1986 than in the preceding two centuries Chapter 15 | Psychological Disorders 583. Although this increase may be due to the development of more sophisticated diagnostic techniques, it is also possible that the popularization of DID—helped in part by Sybil, a popular 1970s book (and later film) about a woman with 16 different personalities—may have prompted clinicians to over diagnose the disorder |
|
|
What are personality disorders? |
a deeply ingrained and maladaptive pattern of behavior of a specified kind, typically manifest by the time one reaches adolescence and causing long-term difficulties in personal relationships or in functioning in society. |
|
|
What is antisocial personality disorder? |
Antisocial personality disorder is a mental condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others. This behavior is often criminal.
|
|
|
What is ADHD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)? |
ADHD is a chronic condition marked by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and sometimes impulsivity. ADHD begins in childhood and often lasts into adulthood. As many as 2 out of every 3 children with ADHD continue to have symptoms as adults. |
|
|
What does the research say about brain development in children with ADHD? |
Brain imaging studies reveal that people with schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles, the cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. This finding is important because larger than normal ventricles suggests that various brain regions are reduced in size, thus implying that schizophrenia is associated with a loss of brain tissue. In addition, many people with schizophrenia display a reduction in gray matter (cell bodies of neurons) in the frontal lobes, and many show less frontal lobe activity when performing cognitive tasks. The frontal lobes are important in a variety of complex cognitive functions, such as planning and executing behavior, attention, speech, movement, and problem solving. Hence, abnormalities in this region provide merit in explaining why people with schizophrenia experience deficits in these of areas. |
|
|
What does the research say about “bad parenting” being a cause of ADHD? |
Not likely. Remember, the genetics studies discussed above suggested that the family environment does not seem to play much of a role in the development of this disorder; if it did, we would expect the concordance rates to be higher for fraternal twins and adoptive siblings than has been demonstrated. All things considered, the evidence seems to point to the conclusion that ADHD is triggered more by genetic and neurological factors and less by social or environmental ones |
|
|
What is an autism spectrum disorder? |
Autism spectrum disorder is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs a child's ability to communicate and interact with others. It also includes restricted repetitive behaviors, interests and activities. These issues cause significant impairment in social, occupational and other areas of functioning. |
|
|
What is bipolar disorder? |
a mental disorder marked by alternating periods of elation and depression. |
|
|
What is a manic episode? |
Manic episodes are a period of extremely elevated mood and are required for a diagnosis of bipolar disorder type 1. Bipolar manic episodes are not just feeling "good" or "high," they are moods that are beyond reason and cause major distress and life impairment. |
|
|
What is deinstitutionalization? |
Deinstitutionalization is the name given to the policy of moving severely mentally ill people out of large state institutions and then closing part or all of those institutions; it has been a major contributing factor to the mental illness crisis. |
|
|
What is one negative impact of deinstitutionalization? |
Many people are not receiving the treatment they need. It didn’t solve the issue at hand. Many of those who went to community centers for treatment were not good candidates for it. |
|
|
What is psychoanalysis? |
a system of psychological theory and therapy that aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream interpretation and free association. |
|
|
Whose theory is psychoanalysis based on? |
Psychoanalytic theory is the theory of personality organization and the dynamics of personality development that guides psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology. First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century, psychoanalytic theory has undergone many refinements since his work. |
|
|
What are two techniques used in psychoanalysis? |
The psychoanalyst uses various techniques as encouragement for the client to develop insights into their behavior and the meanings of symptoms, including ink blots, parapraxes, free association, interpretation (including dream analysis), resistance analysis and transference analysis. |
|
|
What is transference? |
One definition of transference is "the inappropriate repetition in the present of a relationship that was important in a person's childhood". Another definition is "the redirection of feelings and desires and especially of those unconsciously retained from childhood toward a new object". |
|
|
What is play therapy? |
Play therapy is a form of counseling or psychotherapy that uses play to communicate with and help people, especially children, to prevent or resolve psychosocial challenges. This is thought to help them towards better social integration, growth and development, emotional modulation, and trauma resolution. |
|
|
Why is this more often used than “talk” therapy in children? |
Play Therapy |
|
|
What do the behavioral therapies have in common? |
Some of the more well known types of treatments are: Relaxation training, systematic desensitization, virtual reality exposure, exposure and response prevention techniques, social skills training, modeling, behavioural rehearsal and homework, and aversion therapy and punishment. |
|
|
What is exposure therapy? |
Exposure therapy is a technique in behavior therapy used to treat anxiety disorders. It involves the exposure of the patient to the feared object or context without any danger, in order to overcome their anxiety and/or distress. Procedurally it is similar to the fear extinction paradigm in rodent work. |
|
|
What is systematic desensitization? |
This is a form of treatment or therapy for phobias, fears, and aversions that people have. The premise is to reduce a person's anxiety responses through counterconditioning - a person who learned to be afraid of something is associating fear with that object or behavior, and the way to eliminate this is to teach the person to replace the feelings of anxiety with feelings of relaxation when the object or behavior is present. This approach is based on conditioning relaxation with the feared object or object of anxiety. Example; A) the fear - fear of dating women B) the client is asked to create a hierarchy of anxiety (what makes the client afraid, from least fear producing to most fear producing). 1) sitting next to a woman in class (least) 2) talking to a woman in class 3) walking with a woman on campus 4) calling a woman on the phone 5) eating a meal with a woman 6) going out on a date with a woman (most) C) the therapist then teaches the client some relaxation technique and then has the client use the relaxation technique when encountering (or just thinking about) the first level (sitting next to a woman in class). Once the client is comfortable with this, they move on to the next level, and so on until the client becomes relaxed and is able to go out on a date with a woman. |
|
|
What is a token economy? |
A token economy is a system of contingency management based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior. The reinforcers are symbols or "tokens" that can be exchanged for other reinforcers. |
|
|
What is cognitive therapy? |
Cognitive therapy is a form of therapy developed by Aaron Beck who suggested that our beliefs and perceptions influence our emotional responses to the world around us. According to cognitive therapy, our negative thought patterns (not unconscious conflicts or early life traumas as psychoanalysis suggests) cause depression, anxiety and some other mental disorders. Cognitive Therapy helps patients by making them aware of these beliefs, how they produce so many problems, and then working to change these dysfunctional beliefs. |
|
|
How might a cognitive therapist try to change someone’s thought patterns? |
The idea behind cognitive therapy is that how you think determines how you feel andact. Cognitive therapists help their clients change dysfunctional thoughts in order to relieve distress.They help a client see how they misinterpret a situation (cognitive distortion).Therapists also help clients recognize when they blow things out of proportion. Because Ray failed his Psychology 101 test, he has concluded that he’s going to fail the entire course and probably flunk out of college altogether. The therapist will help challenge these irrational beliefs, focus on their illogical basis, and correct them with more logical and rational thoughts and beliefs. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
What is humanistic (Rogerian) therapy? |
Person-centered therapy (PCT) is also known as person-centered psychotherapy, person-centered counseling, client-centered therapy and Rogerian psychotherapy. PCT is a form of psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s. |
|
|
What does it mean to say that this type of therapy is non-directive? |
Non-directive therapy allows the client to take the lead. The therapist may reflect back the information the client is providing, offer possible interpretations, or seek clarification, but it is the client who initiates the content of the therapy session. |
|
|
What does it mean to say that this type of therapy encourages the therapist to use unconditional positive regard? |
Unconditional positive regard (UPR) is a term credited to humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers and is used in client-centered therapy. Practicing unconditional positive regard means accepting and respecting others as they are without judgment or evaluation. This is different from unconditional love; unconditional positive regard does not require love or affection - it simply refers to acceptance of others whether you like them or not. Unconditional positive regard can be misunderstood as being nice, pleasant, or agreeable with others; however, unconditional positive regard is not an action towards others. Rather, it's more like a feeling or mindset. |
|
|
For each of these classes of medication, list what it’s used for and how it works (it’s mechanism): Antipsychotics/Atypical antipsychotics |
Atypical Antipsychotics, or Second Generation Antipsychotic Drugs. These new medications were approved for use in the 1990s. Clozapine, asenapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, paliperidone, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine, and aripiprazole are atypical antipsychotic drugs. |
|
|
For each of these classes of medication, list what it’s used for and how it works (it’s mechanism): Antidepressants |
These substances are used to influence brain chemistry and the most common classes of these are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants(TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). |
|
|
For each of these classes of medication, list what it’s used for and how it works (it’s mechanism): Antianxiety agents |
Antianxiety drugs are medicines that calm and relax people with excessive anxiety, nervousness, or tension, or for short-term control of social phobia disorder or specific phobia disorder. Antianxiety Drugs. Brand Name (Generic. |
|
|
For each of these classes of medication, list what it’s used for and how it works (it’s mechanism): Mood Stabilizers |
A mood stabilizer is a psychiatric pharmaceutical drug used to treat mood disorders characterized by intense and sustained mood shifts, typically bipolar disorder type I or type II or schizophrenia. |
|
|
For each of these classes of medication, list what it’s used for and how it works (it’s mechanism): Stimulants |
Stimulants (also referred to as psychostimulants) are psychoactive drugs that induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical functions or both. Examples of these kinds of effects may include enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion, among others. |
|
|
What is group therapy? |
a form of psychotherapy in which a group of patients meet to describe and discuss their problems together under the supervision of a therapist. |
|
|
What are benefits of group therapy? |
1) Groups provide support.
2) Groups provide a sounding board. 3) Groups can propel you forward. 4) Groups promote social skills. 5) Group therapy costs less than individual counseling. 6) Groups teach you about yourself. |
|
|
What are the limitations of group therapy?
|
1) Limited Privacy – Getting a therapy with some strange people may give the person the sense of loss of privacy. Some people may not feel comfortable sharing some past issues, thoughts and feelings with other people. Large group discussion may break the confidentiality of some personal information 2)Personality Clashing – Group therapy comprises of different people with different personalities. Group discussion may cause clashing of different opinions and ideas. Group therapy may not cause positive outcome for some people who are having a hard time to interact with other people. 3)Loss of trust – A person may have a hard time to share some of his or her thoughts, ideas and feelings which may lead to make the therapy useless. Trust towards the therapists is very important. Through large group therapy establishing trust between patients to therapists may be hard to attain. |
|
|
What is family therapy?
|
Family therapy is a type of psychological counseling (psychotherapy) that helps family members improve communication and resolve conflicts. Family therapy is usually provided by a psychologist, clinical social worker or licensed therapist.
|
