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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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BAS
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Behavioiral activation system, Jeffery Gray, left hemisphere frontal & temporal lobes, low to medium arousal--tend to approach, happy or anger. Hi activity in BAS, tend to be more social
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BIS
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Behavioral inhibition system right frontal and temporal lobes,increase attention & arousal, inhibit action. Hi activity in BIS tend to be more withdrawn. Best for interpreting emotion of others.
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Brain areas known to respond to emotions
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Prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, amygdala
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Describe consequences of damage to prefrontal cortex
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Impulsivity, blunted emotion, poor decision making, trouble distinguishing meaning btw "good" or "bad" choice/can't consider (value)outcome. Phineas Gage, A. Damasio patient. Also ex. of teens, this area is last to get myelinated, thus tend to impulsive behavior.
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Measurment of emotional responses, are there particular specific areas
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fMRI, EEG, no, there are no single pathway / area for emotion except maybe disgust
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James-Lange theory
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Feeling aspect of emotion results from feedback from actions of muscles and organs. Event > appraisal (cognitive, is it good, scary, etc) > action (run away, etc, also autonomic response ie HR, etc) > emotional aspect (feeling)
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Predictions of James Lange theory
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1) If weak autonomic or skeletal system, should feel less emotion -- paralyzed say they feel same, BUT paral. doesn't affect autonomic. 2) pure autonomic failure say they feel less emotion.
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Feedback from emotions
pen/mouth test, etc |
Emotions can be strengthen due to feedback from facial movement or action, pen test = cartoon funnier, eyebrow furrow = unpleasant face appraisal. Feedback can strengthen emotion, but aren't necessary.
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Amydgala location
Corticomedial area of amygdala |
Interior temporal lobe
Associated with attack, if primed hamster will attack. |
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Teratogens and environmental factors impact behavior , what and how
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Lead paint shown to be associated w violence, pregnant smoker may be correlated w violent criminal activity (not nonviolent).
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MAO, genetic and environmental factors on violence, antiisocial
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MAO.s break din dopamine, norepinephrine etc, lowering the amounts. Interaction btw severe environment and MAO level: lower MAO/severe envier = higher rate of antisocial behavior. MAO level w/out envir factor doesn't seem to impact antisocial behavior that much
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How do testosterone levels affect emotion, behavior?
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1) higher testosterone generally average out to increase in violent crime, but could be other stressors.
2) testosterone decreases ability to recognize facial expression, but increases emotional arousal and maybe decrease ability to regulate that response. |
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Seratonin role in emotion
How measured? |
Low turnover correlated with aggression. Measure 5-HIAA leve in cerebrospinal fluid to know how much was released/replaced
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Isolation & seratonin experiments
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M in isolation increased agression, decreased seratonin turnover, F aggressive but no change to seratonin level. Monkeys w lowest died youngest. But aressioin is useful for dominance....
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Seratonin in humans
Synthesis of seratonin |
Low levels can increase violent behavior, suicide, depression, therefore, not clearly one thing. Tyrpotophan sythesiszes, but shares trasnport channels w/ phenylanine, thus high phenylanine intake decreases ability to convert from tryptophan
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Startle reflex
What blocks startle reflex? |
Even baby has, sound to cochlear nucleus in medulla, then to pons area that tells neck muscles to tighten (prevent injury). This reflex is stronger if you re already tense (ex: PTSD)
--only damage to pons block the reflex, |
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Role of amygdala in startle response and fear. Describe pathways and what happens if amydgala is damaged?
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Output fr amygdala: to hypothalamus control autonomic fear response, to prefrontal cortex control approach/ avoid, to midbrain>pons control startle reflex.
If damaged interferes w ability to learn fear, ie interpret combo of stimuli/consequences |
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Toxoplasma gondii
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Protazoa that migrates to brain damages amydgala. Reproduces in cats, excreted in feces, infects rats>damages amygdala, rats fearless of cat, cat eats, cycle repeats!
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome
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Experimental study: damaged monkey amygdala, they became fearless, play w matches, snakes, also tame (not all) indicated relationship between friendly & fearlessness.
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Amygdala & gut feelings,
2) response to angry or fearful expressions |
Quick unconscious response (per Lao, 2 messages, amygdala is quick one)
2) Amygdala response more strongly when emotional expression is difficult to interpret (fearful-facing you) |
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Damage to human amydgala interferes w:
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Damage- fail to identify others as untrustworthy
Also, don't focus on emotional stimuli/detail in a situations ( normal will focus on crash, or kill, damage focus on background or pear Also, they don't focus on eyes, which is where one is able to detect fear(damaged amygdala interferes w ability to recognize fear) |
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Amygdala and anxiety
CCK GABA |
CCK cholecystokinin main excitatory neuromodulator (< anxiety)
GABA main inhibitory (>anxiety) |
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Microdialysis
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Dbl fluid filled tube implanted in brain, some fluid goes in and Somme drawn out to examine the chemicals crossed membrane, and neurotransmitters
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Explain what happened in rats w CCK, GABA
Ideal meeds for anxiety would do what? |
Increased stress increased CCK, if CCKbreceptor blocked, no stress, if GABA blocked, svere panic,
Ideally want to block CCK, only GABA increasing meeds avail now. |
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Benzodiazaoines what and how do they work?
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Anti anxiety, bind to GABAa receptor. GABA receptor surrounds Cl- channel when GABA binds, it opens and Cl- enters and cell (inhibitory). benzo's bind to GABAa receptors allows GABA to bind more easily. (GABA agonists)
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DBI diazepam-binding inhibitor
Endozepines |
Brain produces DBI which blocks Diaz and other benzo's. DBI is type of endozopine, which have opposite effect of benzo, so it is actually more like and antibenzo... Spresumably have use in providing healthy amount of anxiety.
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Alcohol and anxiety/GABA
Ro15-4513 |
Binds to certain GABAa sites, let's Cl- into cell, decrease anxiety, but increase intoxication, motor problems.
Ro15-413 blocks into, depressant, motor impairment, etc-kind of sober up med., but not used as such. |
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Stress
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Nonspecific response of the body ton any demand made upon it. (Seyle)
- ..threatening events that elicit physiological and behavioral responses |
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General adaptation syndrome
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Stage 1 alarm, increase sympathetic response <HR, etc, stage 2 resistance, cortisol and otherd hormone released ton maintain alertness stage 3 exhaustion, vulnerable, drained nervous and immune systems.
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HPA axis
Nam parts |
Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal cortex.
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ACTH
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activation of hypothalamus induces anterior pit secretion of Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH, which stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol which increases metabolic activity, blood levels, nutrients, etc.
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Leukocytes
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White blood cells (immune system)
B cells, t cells natural killer cells |
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B cells
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Mature mostly in bone marrow, secrete antibodies, which attack unfamiliar antigens (antibodies are made to "fit" antigens) this is why organ transplants are often rejected.
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T cells
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Mature in thymus, attck intruder cells directly (they don't secrete antibodies) help other t-cells and b cells to multiply
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Natural killer cells
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Attack tumor cells, and cells infected w virus, indiscriminate attck of all intruders
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Cytokines
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Leukocytes produce these small proteins. Cytokines tell immune system that biddy is I'll. Trigger hypothalamus to induce fever, sleep, low energy, appetite, sex drive.
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Prosteglandins
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Another way immune system reacts toninfection, they promote sleepiness so body can conserve energy.
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Stress and effect on hypocampus
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Cortisol increase enhances metabolic activity- in hippocampus may kill or damage neurons, lead to decline in memory.
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PTSD
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People who suffer from PTSD havnt nec experienced more stress, smaller hippocampus and lower cortisol levels, theory: thus less able ton deal w stress. Amygdala involved in extreme emotional impact of PTSD
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Psychoneuroimmunology
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The ways inn which the nervous system has control over the immune system
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Describe immune system response to bacterial infection
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Bacteria enter, (trigger inflammation, <blood flow) b cell attaches - antigen exposed, helper T cell makes b cell divide, b cells secrete antibodies to foreign antigen, antibodies mark it for destruction, b cells differentiate into memory cells and attack again
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