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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Internal Validity |
Refers 2 the accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect. Also the ability 2 draw conclusions about casual relationships from the results of a study. |
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Confounding variable |
A variable that varies along with the independant variable. |
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Posttest-only designs |
Is a true experimental design in which the DV (posttest) is measured only once, after manipulation of the IV Advantages: Can b use 2 infer causation , results r easy 2 understand. Disadvantages: Cannot test most participant variables as IV's |
Measure the effect of the IV on the DV |
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Pretest-posttest designs |
Is a true experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured both b4 (pretest) and after (protest) manipulation of the IV. Advantages Can b a good way to clearly display effects of treatment vs. non treatment. Disadvantages (mortality) Have to make sure most participants stick with the experiment right to the end. |
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Selection differences |
Differences in the type of subjects who make up each group in an experimental design: this situation occurs when participants elect which group they are to be assigned to. |
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Attrition aka mortality |
Is the dropout factor (loss of subjects) in experiments. It is a threat to internal validity Example: it may affect a treatment pogram design to reduce smoking by some1 (the haviest smoker) in the experimental group dropping out. |
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Independent-group design (btwn subjects design) |
An experiment in which different subjects are assigned to each group. |
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Repeated-measures design (Within subjects design) |
An experiment in which the same subjects are assigned to each group. |
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Counter balancing |
A method of controlling for order effects in a repeated measures design. |
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Matched-pairs designs |
A method of assigning subjects to groups in which pairs of subjects are first matched on some characteristic and then individually assigned randomly to groups. |
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Different ways an experiment can manipulate an IV? |
Straightforward manipulation & Staged manipulation |
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Straightforward manipulation |
Manipulate variables with instructions and stimulus presentation. Exposure or non exposure to specific stimuli for example exposure to happy and a sad movie. |
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Staged manipulation |
Staged events that occur during the experiment Example: having confederate collapse in front of ppl. Advantages: Yields stronger and more naturalistic responses. Disadvantages: Expensive |
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Confederates (accomplice) |
A person posing as a participant in an experiment who is actually part of the experiment. |
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Different ways an experiment can measure a DV? |
Self-report, behavioral measures, or physiological measures. |
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Self-report |
Often the best for having participants report internal states (measures attitudes, thoughts, feelings) or past behaviors. But participants can lie. |
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Behavioral measures |
Often more accurate for theres direct observation. |
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Physiological measures |
Are recordings of responses of the body. Example: heart rate, blood pressure, measures of brain activity like; E.E.G, M.R.I, f.M.R.I, G.S.R, E.M.G. |
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Demand characteristics |
Inform participants of the purpose of the study and (how to behave). |
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Single-blind |
The participant is unaware whether a drug is being administered |
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Double-blind experimental design |
Nor the participant or experimenter know whether the actual treatment is being given (what the experiment is about) |
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Peforming Debriefing after an experiment |
An opportunity for researcher to explain everything after the experiment (to learn more what participants were thinking during the experiment). |
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