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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biological Therapies |
Drugs and psychological interventions such as surgeries |
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Psychotherapies |
Use words and acts to overcome psychological difficulties |
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Biological Treatments: Drug Therapy |
Psychotropic drugs- drugs that primarily act on the brain ie. anti anxiety drugs, antidepressants, anti poor drugs, antipsychotics |
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Biological Treatments: Brain Stimulation electro-convulsive Therapy (ECT) |
treat depression by using a electric shock to trigger a brain seizure in hopes of relieving abnormal functioning |
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Biological Treatments: Vagus nerve stimulation |
A procedure in which an implanted device sends electrical signals to the brain through the vagus nerve; used to treat severe depression |
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· Biological Treatments: Transcranial magnetic stimulation |
o An electromagnetic coil placed on or above aperson’s head sends a current into the prefrontal cortex. used to treat severe depression |
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Biological Treatments :Psychosurgery |
neurosurgery to alleviate abnormal functioning Labotomy: cutting the connection between the frontal lobe and the lower centres of the brain |
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Biological Treatments: Deep Brain Stimulation |
a treatment in which implanted electrodes deliver constant low stimulation to a small area of the brain; used to treat severe depression, Parkinson's and epilepsy. |
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Biological Approaches: Strengths |
· Biological treatments often bring relief whenother approaches have failed |
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Biological Approaches Criticisms |
· Undesirable side effects· Does not consider interaction between biologicaland non-biological factors such as environment and experience |
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Psychodynamic theories: How we develop |
Focus on past emotional trauma (as casue ofpresent disorder) About 15% of contemporary clinical psychologists Several types: Psychoanalysis (classic) Short-term psychodynamic therapy Relational psychoanalytic therapy |
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Psychoanalysis : What happens? Free association : |
Discussions initiated by client with therapistprobing to uncover relevant unconscious events |
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Therapist interpretation = main job of theanalyst |
o Resistanceo Transferenceo Dreams |
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Resistance |
practice in which clients encounter a block in their free association or change the subject so as to avoid potential painful discussion |
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transference |
process through which client s come to act and feel toward the therapist as they did toward important figures in their childhood |
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catharsis |
reliving of past repressed feelings as means of settling internal conflicts and overcoming problems |
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Workign through |
Repeatedly examine an issue to improve clarity |
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Assessing Psychodynamic Approaches· Strengths: |
o First to systematically apply theory andtechniques to treatment o First to focus on psychological instead ofbiological treatment |
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Psychodynamic Approaches · Criticisms |
o Preliminary research on short-ter, psychodynamicapproaches shows effectiveness, but less support with classic and relational |
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Behavioural Therapies Goal: |
Goal: discover specific problem- causingbehaviours and relace them with healthy behaviours |
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Behavioural Therapies are learned in the same way as |
adaptive behaviours |
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Classical Conditioning Techniques |
· Change’s client’s dysfunctional reaction tospecific stimuli
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Classical Conditioning Techniques Aversion therapy |
· increase anxiety response to harmful stimulithat are viewed as attractive by the client |
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Classical Conditioning Techniques Systematic desensitization |
o effective in treating phobias, PTSD, asthmaattacks |
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Operant Conditioning Techniques |
· Consistently providing rewards for desirablebehaviour and withhold rewards for undesirable behaviour o Successful in hospitalized psychotic parentso Works best in institutions and schools |
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Operant conditioning techniques: Token economy |
§ desirable behaviours are reinforced with tokensthat can be exchanged for rewards |
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Behavioural Therapies · Modelling techniques |
o Therapists exhibit appropriate behaviours soclient can imitate rehearse and incorporate the behaviours into their lives o Social skills training : § Therapists discuss social deficits and role playsocial situations with the client |
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ASsesing the Behavioural Approaches· Strengths: |
o Widely studied in research and stronglysupported o Effective for numerous problems |
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Assessing the Behavioural Approaches Criticisms |
o Changes sometimes require later therpaies to sustain o Not effective with disorders in which distressis non specific |
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Cognitive- Behavioural Therapies |
Extended behavioural view to cognitions Abnormal behaviours results from maladaptivethinking Focuses on treating maladaptive cognitions Includes behavioural techniques |
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· Three kinds of Cognitive behavioural Techniques |
· Elli’s rational- emotive behavioural therapy · Beck’s cognitive therapy · Second- wave cognitive- behavioural therapies |
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Beck’s Cognitive Therapy |
· Therapists help clients identify negativethoughts and perceptions and guide them to apply alternative ways of thinking · About as effective as drug therapy fordepression (2/3 improve) · Also used for panic disorder and social anxietydisorder |
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Second wave cognitive- behavioural therapies |
· Recognize problematic thoughts as just thoughts Clients accept thoughts rather than try toeliminate them |
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Assessing Cognitive Behavioural TherapiesStrengths: |
· Well supported by research · Good at treating depression and anxiety relateddisorders |
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Cognitive behavioural Techniques Criticisms |
· Surface level· Cause of disorder are unclear |
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Humanistic and Existential Therapies |
Basic assumptions · People are unherently good and seek to actualizetheir potential · Disorders are born from slef- deceit andmisunderstanding this · Therapy aims to help actualize potential by: -Helping clients see themselves accurately andwith acceptance -Emphasis is on present experiences and itspotentials |
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Hand E therapies: Rogers client centered therapy Goal : |
create environment in which clients can seethemselves honestly wth acceptance |
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Client centered therapy: |
: supportive environment for clients to feelaccepted and accept self o Uncondiotional positive regardo Accurate empathyo Genuineness |
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Existential Therapy |
o Attempt ot help clients recognize their freedomso that they can choose accordinglyo Encourage acceptance of responsibility for one’slife |
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Assesing Humanistic and Existential Therapies Strengths: |
Appealing to clinicians Rogerian principles are widely adopted Emphasize positive human qualities |
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Assesing Humanistic and Existential Therapies Criticisms: |
Difficult to research and little research has been done Some early research shows that these approaches are potentially beneficial |
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What are the major features of therapy? |
a sufferer who seeks relief, a trained healer,and a series of contacts between the two in which the healer tries to bringabout changes in the sufferer’s emotional state, attitudes and behavior |
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In what ways do members of minority groupsdiffer from majority groups with respect to their relationship with therapy? |
Women and memebrs of ethnic minority groups facepressures that sometime contribute to psychological dysfunctioning. Culturesensitive and gender sensitive therapy approaches help clients become aware ofand react adaptively to the gender-related and cultural pressures and issuesthey face |
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The empirically supported or evidence basedtreatment movement |
seeks toidentify which therapies have received clear research support for particularguidelines, and to spread such information to clinicians |
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Integration and eclectism |
This movement supports the integration of a variety ofpsychotherapeutic perspectives rather than adherence to a particularorientation, integrate diverse approaches and draw on a variety ofperspectives. |
