Psych Final

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psychotherapy

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the treatment of psychological disorders through talking and other psychological methods

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psychiatrists

Back 2

medical doctors who have completed specialty training in the treatment of psych disorders

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psychologists

Back 3

among therapists, those who have completed a master's or (usually) doctoral degree in clinical or counseling psychology and who may have received special training.

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psychoanalysis

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a method of psychotherapy that seeks to help clients gain insight by recognizing and understanding unconscious thoughts and emotions.

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client-centered therapy

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developed by carl rogers. this is a therapy that allows the client to decide what to talk about, without direction, judgement, or interpretation from the therapist.

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unconditional positive regard (acceptance)

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a therapist's attitude that conveys caring for and recognition of the client as a valued person.

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empathy

Back 7

the therapist's attempt to appreciate and understand how the world looks from the client's point of view.n

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active listening/reflection

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conveying empathy on the part of the therapist by paraphrasing a client's statements and noting accompanying feelings.

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congruence

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consistency between a therapist's feelings and the therapist's behavior toward clients.

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gestalt therapy

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an active treatment designed to help clients get in touch with genuine feelings and disown foreign ones.

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behavior therapy

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treatments that use classical conditioning principles to change behavior

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behavior modification

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treatments that use operant conditioning methods to change behavior

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cognitive behavior therapy

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learning-based methods that help clients change the way they think as well as the way they behave.

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systematic desensitization therapy

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a behavioral treatment for anxiety in which clients visualize a graduated series of anxiety-provoking stimuli while remaining relaxed. developed by wolpe.

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modeling

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demonstrating desirable behaviors as a way of teaching them to clients

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social skills training

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a method for teaching clients the behaviors they need in order to interact with others more comfortably and effectively.

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assertiveness training

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a form of social skills training that focuses on teaching clients to express themselves in ways that are clear and direct.

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positive reinforcement

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a therapy method that uses rewards to strengthen desirable behaviors

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token economy programs

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systems for improving the behavior of institutionalized clients in which desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged for desirable items or activites

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extinction

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the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response or operant behavior through nonreinforcement

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flooding

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an exposure technique for reducing anxiety that involves keeping a person in a feared but harmless situation

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exposure therapy

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behavior therapy methods in which clients remain in the presence of strong anxiety-provoking stimuli until the intensity of their emotional reactions decrease.

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aversion conditioning

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a method that uses classical conditioning to create a negative response to a particular experience.

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punishment

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a method that uses operant conditioning to weaken undesirable behavior by following it with an unpleasant stimulus

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rational-emotive behavior therapy

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a treatment designed to identify and change self-defeating thoughts that lead to anxiety and other symptoms of disorder.

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cognitive therapy

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a treatment in which the therapist helps clients notice and change negative thoughts associated with anxiety and depression

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group therapy

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psychotherapy involving several unrelated clients

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family therapy

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treatment of two or more individuals from the same family

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couples therapy

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a form of therapy focusing on improving communication between partners

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evidence based practice

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the selection of treatment methods based mainly on empirical evidence of their effectiveness

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empirically supported therapies

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treatments whose effects have been validated by controlled experimental reseach

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psychosurgery

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surgical procedures that destroy tissues in small regions of the brain in an effort to treat psychological disorders.

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electorconvulsive shock therapy

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brief electrical shock administered to the brain, usually to reduce depression that does not respond to drug treatments.

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neuroleptic drugs

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medications that alleviate the symptoms of severe disorders such as schizophrenia

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antidepressant drugs

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medications that relieve depression

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tranquilizing drugs

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drugs that reduce feelings of anxiety

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community psychology

Back 37

an approach to minimizing or preventing psychological disorders through changes in social systems and through community mental health programs.

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social psychology

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the study of how people's thoughts, feelings and behavior influence and are influenced by the behavior of others.

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social cognition

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mental processes associated with people's perceptions of and reactions to other people

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self-concept

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the way one thinks of oneself

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self-esteem

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the evaluations one makes about how worthy one is as a human being

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social comparison

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using other people as a basis of comparison for evaluating oneself.

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reference groups

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categories of people to which people compare themselves

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relative deprivation

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the belief that, in comparison to a reference group, one is getting less than is deserved

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social identity

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the beliefs we hold about the groups to which we belong

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social perception

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the process through which people interpret info about others, draw inferences about them, and develop mental representations of them

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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a process through which our expectations about another person cause us to act in ways that lead the person to behave as we expected

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attribution

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the process of explaining the causes of people's behavior, including our own.

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fundamental attribution error

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a bias toward over-attributing the behavior of others to internal causes.

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outgroup

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those whom we perceive as being different from ourselves

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ingroup

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those whom we perceive as being similar to ourselves

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actor-observer effect

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the tendency to attribute other people's behavior to internal causes while attributing our own behavior (especially errors and failures) to external causes

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self-serving bias

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the tendency to attribute our success to internal characteristics while blaming our failures on external causes.

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attitude

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a predisposition toward a particular cognitive, emotional, or behavioral reaction to objects

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elaboration likelihood model

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a model suggesting that attitude change can be driven by evaluation of the content of a persuasive message (central route) or by irrelevant persuasion cues (peripheral route).

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cognitive dissonance theory

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a theory asserting that attitude change is driven by efforts to reduce tension caused by inconsistency between attitudes and behavior

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self-perception theory

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a theory suggesting that attitudes can change as people consider their behavior in certain situations and then infer what their attitude must be

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stereotypes

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a false assumption that all members of some group share the same characteristics

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prejudice

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a positive or negative attitude toward an entire group of people

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social discrimination

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differential treatment of various groups, the behavioral component of prejudice

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contact hypothesis

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the idea that stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with the group increases

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matching hypothesis

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the notion that people are most likely to form relationships with those who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness

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social influence

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the process whereby one person's behavior is affected by the words or actions of others

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social norms

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socially based rules that prescribe what people should or should not do in various situations.

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deindividualization

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a psychological state occurring in group members that result in loss of individuality and a tendency to do things not normally done when alone.

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social facilitation

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a phenomenon in which the presence of others improves a person's performance

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social interferance

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a reduction in performance due to the presence of other people

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social loafing

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exerting less effort when performing a group task than when performing the same task alone

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conformity

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changing one's behavior or beliefs to match those of others, generally as a result of real or imagined, though unspoken, group pressure

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compliance

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adjusting one's behavior because of an explicit or implicit request

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obedience

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changing behavior in response to a demand from an authority figure

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agression

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an act that is intended to cause harm to another person

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frustration-aggression hypothesis

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a proposition that frustration always leads to some form of aggressive behavior

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environmental psychology

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the study of the relationship between behavior and the physical environment

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helping/prosocial behavior

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any act that is intended to benefit another person

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altruism

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an unselfish concern for another person's welfare

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arousal: cost-reward theory

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a theory attributing people's helping behavior to their efforts to reduce the unpleasant arousal they feel in the face of someone's need or suffering

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bystander effect

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a phenomenon in which the chances that someone will help in an emergency decreases as the number of people present increases.

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empathy-altruism theory

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a theory suggesting that people help others because of empathy with their needs.

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cooperation

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any type of behavior in which people work together to achieve a common goal

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competition

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behavior in which individuals try to attain a goal for themselves while denying that goal to others

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conflict

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the result of a person's or group's belief that another person or group stands in the way of their achieving a valued goal

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social dilemma

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a situation in which actions that produce rewards for one individual will produce negative consequences if adopted by everyone

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prisoner's dilemma game

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a social dilemma scenario in which mutual cooperation guarantees the best mutual outcome.

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zero-sum game

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a social situation in which one person's gains are subtracted from another persons resources so that the sum of the gains and losses is zero

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task-motivated leaders

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a leader who provides close supervision, leads by directives, and generally discourages group discussion.

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relationship-motivated leader

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a leader who provides loose supervision, asks for group members' ideas, and is concerned with subordinates' feelings.

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groupthink

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a pattern of thinking in which group members fail to evaluate realistically the wisdom of various options and decisions.