Psych Exam Ch. 2

Front 1

Temporal Lobes

Back 1

areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech.

Front 2

Frontal Lobes

Back 2

areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech.

Front 3

Motor Cortex

Back 3

section of the frontal lobe located at the back, responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system.

Front 4

Association Areas

Back 4

areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing.

Front 5

Broca's Area (Aphasia)

Back 5

condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly.

Front 6

Wernicke's area (Aphasia)

Back 6

condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language.

Front 7

just noticeable difference (jnd or the difference threshold)

Back 7

the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time.

Front 8

absolute threshold

Back 8

the lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present.

Front 9

habituation

Back 9

tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information.

Front 10

sensory adaptation

Back 10

tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging.

Front 11

light adaptation

Back 11

the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness.

Front 12

trichromatic theory

Back 12

theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green.

Front 13

afterimages

Back 13

images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed.

Front 14

opponent-process theory

Back 14

theory of color vision that proposes four primary colors with cones arranged in pairs: red and green, blue and yellow.

Front 15

perception

Back 15

the method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion.

Front 16

size constancy

Back 16

the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance

Front 17

shape constancy

Back 17

the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina.

Front 18

brightness constancy

Back 18

the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change.

Front 19

figure—ground

Back 19

the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background.

Front 20

reversible figures

Back 20

visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed.

Front 21

proximity

Back 21

physical or geographical nearness.

Front 22

depth perception

Back 22

the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions.

Front 23

monocular cues (pictorial depth cues)

Back 23

cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only.

Front 24

binocular cues

Back 24

cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes.

Front 25

linear perspective

Back 25

the tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other

Front 26

relative size

Back 26

perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away.

Front 27

overlap (interposition)

Back 27

the assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer.

Front 28

aerial perspective

Back 28

the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater.

Front 29

texture gradient

Back 29

the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases.

Front 30

motion parallax

Back 30

the perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away.

Front 31

accommodation

Back 31

accommodation:

as a monocular clue, the brain's use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away.

Front 32

convergence (binocular cue)

Back 32

the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant.

Front 33

Binocular Disparity (binocular cue)

Back 33

the difference between two images between the two eyes, which is greater for images that are close and similar for distant images

Front 34

Müller-Lyer illusion

Back 34

illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different.

Front 35

the Moon Illusion

Back 35

the moon on the horizon appears much larger than the moon in the sky

Front 36

illusions of motion

Back 36

when an object is percieves as moving, but it is really stationary.

Front 37

psychology

Back 37

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Front 38

psychodynamic perspective (psychoanalytic)

Back 38

-developed from Freud's psychoanalysis.
-unconscience drives and conflict
-child development & trauma
-sexual drives and aggression

Front 39

behavioral perpective (behavioral analysis)

Back 39

-major work by watson & skinner
-behavioral modification; due to reinforcements and punishments

Front 40

humanistic perspective

Back 40

-major work by maslow and rogers
-uniqueness of each person
-motivation to reach our full potential 'be all you can be'

Front 41

cognitive

Back 41

-major work by piaget
-role of thoughts influencing behaviors
-memory, language, resoning, intelligence

Front 42

biophsyical

Back 42

-recent growth due to better technology
-role of body, particularly central nervous system, in cognition and emotion

Front 43

evolutionary

Back 43

-sparked by Darwin
-has moved in and out of importance
-ways, thoughts, and behavior are adaptive, mostly in terms of survival and reproduction

Front 44

social-cultural

Back 44

-recent growth stimulated by cultural changes
-influences of social situations and cultural norms on thoughts and behaviors
-human diversity