Psych Exam

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French biologist Marie Jean Pierre Flourens and surgeon Paul Broca conducted research that demonstrated a connection between

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the mind and the brain

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What was the subject of the famous experiment conducted by Helmholtz?

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reaction time

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Whelp Wundt is credited with?

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the founding of psychology as a scientific discipline

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Wundt an his students sought to analyze the basic elements that constitute the mind, an approach called

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structuralism

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William James and helped establish functionalism as a major school of psychology thought in North America

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G. Stanley Hall

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The functional approach to psychology was inspired by

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Darwin's On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural selection

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To understand human behavior, Jean Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet studied people

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psychological disorders

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Building on the work of Charcot and Janet, Sigmund Freud developed

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psychoanalytical theory

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the psychological theory that emphasized the positive potential of human beings is known as

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humanistic psychology

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behaviorism involves the study of

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observable actions and responses

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the experiments of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson centered on

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stimulus and response

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Who developed the concept of reinforcement?

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B.F. Skinner

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The stay of mental processes such as perception and memory is called

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cognitive psychology

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During World War II, cognitive psychologists discovered that many of the errors pilots make are the result of

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limited human cognitive capacity to handle incoming information

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the use scanning techniques to observe the brain in action and to see which parts are involved in which ovperstons helped the development of

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cognitive neuroscience

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central to evolutionary psychology is the function that minds and brains serve.

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adaptive

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social psychology differs most from other psychological approaches in its emphasis on

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human interaction

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Cultural psychology emphasizes that

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culture shapes some, but not all psychological phenomena

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Mary Calkins

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become the first woman president of the APA

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Kenneth Clark

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did research that influenced the Supreme Court decision to ban segregation in public schools

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Empiricism

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the belief that the best way to understand the world is to observe it first hand/ knowledge can be acquired through observation

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instrument

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anything that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers

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validity

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the goodness with which a concrete event defines a property

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reliability

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the tendency for an instrument to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing

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power

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an instrument's ability to detect small magnitudes of the property

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demand characteristic

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those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects

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naturalistic observation

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a technique for gathering scientific info by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments

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the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation is

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empiricism

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hypothesis

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a falsifiable prediction

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when a measure produces the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing it is said to have

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reliability

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the methods of psychological investigation take

into account because when people know they are being studied, they don't always behave as they otherwise would.

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reactivity

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aspects of an observation al setting that causes people to behave as they think they should are called

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demand characteristics

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in double-blind observation

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the purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed

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which of the following describes the average value of all the measurements in a particular distribution?

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mean

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what does a correlation coefficient show?

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direction and strength of a correlation

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when two variables are correlated, what keeps us from concluding that one is the cause and the other is the effect?

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the possibility of third-variable correlation

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A researcher administers a questionnaire concerning attitudes towards global warming to people of both genders and of all ages who live all across the country. The dependent variable in the study is the of the participants.

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attitude toward global warming

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the characteristic of an experiment that allows conclusions about casual relationships to be drawn is called

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internal validity

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an experiment that operationally defines variables in a realistic way is said to be

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externally valid

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when people find evidence that confirms their beliefs, they often

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tend to stop looking

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what are psychologists ethically required to do when reporting research results?

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report findings truthfully, share credit for research, make data available for further research

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functions of a neuron

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processing info, communicating with other neurons, sending messages to body organs and muscles

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signals from other neurons are received and relayed to the cell body by

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dendrites

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signals are transmitted form one neuron to another

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across the synapse

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which type of neuron receives info form the external world and conveys this info to the brain via the spin cord?

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sensory neuron

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An electrical signal that is conducted along the length of a neuron's axon to the synapse is called?

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an action potential

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the chemicals that transmit info across the synapse to receiving neurons dendrites are called

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neurotransmitters

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the automatically controls the organs of the body.

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automatic nervous system

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which part of the hindbrain coordinates fine motor skills?

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the cerebellum

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what part of the brain is involved in movement and arousal?

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the midbrain

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the regulates body temp, hunger, thirst , and sexual behavior

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hypothalamus

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What explains the apparent beneficial effects of cardiovascular exercise on aspects of brain function and cognitive performance?

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neuron plasticity

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during the course of embryonic brain growth, the

undergoes the greatest development.

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cerebral cortex

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the first central nervous system appeared in

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flatworms

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Genes set the in populations within a given environment.

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range of variation

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identifying the brain areas that are involved in specific types of motor, cognitive, or emotional processing is vest achieved through

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brain imaging

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sensation involves , whereas perception involves

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stimulation; interpretation

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what process converts physical signals from the environment into neural signals carried by sensory neurons into the central nervous system?

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transduction

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the smallest intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus is called

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absolute threshold

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the world of light outside the body is linked to world of vision inside the central nervous system by the

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retina

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light stricken the retina causes a specific pattern of response in the three cone types, leads to our ability to see

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colors

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in which part of the brain is the primary visual cortex, where encoded info is systematically mapped into a representation of the visual scene?

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area V1

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our ability to visually combine details so that we perceive unified objects is explained by

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feature-integration theory

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the idea that specialized brain areas represent particular classes of objects is

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the modular view

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the principle of holds that even as sensory signals change, perception remains consistent

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perceptual constancy

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image-based and parts-based theories both involve the problem of

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object identification

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what kind of cues are relative size and linear perspective

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monocular

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what does the frequency of a sound wave determine?

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pitch

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the placement of our ears on opposite sides of the head is crucial to our ability to

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localize sound source

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sensory memory

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a type of storage that holds sensory info for a few seconds or less

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iconic memory

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fast decaying store of visual info

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echoic memory

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fast decaying store of auditory info

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in classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce

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a conditioned response

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what occurs hen a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus

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extinction

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what did Watson and Rayner seek to demonstrate about behaviorism through the little Albert experiment?

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even sophisticated behaviors such as emotion are subject to classical conditioning

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which part of the brain is involved in the classical conditioning of fear?

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the amygdala

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after having a bad experience with a particular type of food, people can develop a lifelong aversion to the food. this suggests that conditioning ha a aspect.

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evolutionary

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OPERANT CONDITIONING

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actions and outcomes are critical to pedant conditioning, involves the reinforcement of behavior,

has associative mechanisms with roots in evolutionary behavior.

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has a role in Skinner's approach to behavior?

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cognitive, neural, evolutionary

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latent learning provides the evidence for a cognitive element in operant conditioning because

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it occurs without any obvious reinforcement

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activity of neurons in the contributes to the process of reinforcement.

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medial forebrain bundle

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helps form the basis of observational learning

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attention, perception, memory

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neural research indicates that observational learning is closely tied to brain areas that are involved in

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action

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what kind of learning takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of info acquisition.

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implicit learning

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the process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding is called

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habituation

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truths of implicit learning

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some forms of learning start out explicitly but become more implicit over time, occurs even in the simplest organisms, children learn language and social conduct largely through implicit learning

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responding to implicit instructions results in decreased brain activation in which part of the brain/?

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the occipital region

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which study strategy has been shown to be the most effective?

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taking practice tests