Psych Exam

Front 1

Shaping

Back 1

Technique in which the desired behavior is molded by first rewarding ant act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward

Front 2

Response chain

Back 2

Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next

Front 3

Aversive control

Back 3

Process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli

Front 4

Negative reinforcement

Back 4

Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs

Front 5

Escape conditioning

Back 5

Training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus

Front 6

Avoidance conditioning

Back 6

Training of an organism to withdraw from or prevent an unpleasant stimulus before it starts

Front 7

Social learning

Back 7

Process of altering Behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others

Front 8

Cognitive learning

Back 8

Form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation

Front 9

Cognitive map

Back 9

A mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events

Front 10

Latent learning

Back 10

Alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate observable change in Behavior

Front 11

Learned helplessness

Back 11

Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable

Front 12

Modeling

Back 12

Learning by imitating others copying Behavior

Front 13

Behavior modification

Back 13

Systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings

Front 14

Token economy

Back 14

Conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued Rewards

Front 15

Memory

Back 15

The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced

Front 16

Encoding

Back 16

The transforming of information so the nervous system can process it

Front 17

Storage

Back 17

The process by which information is maintained over a period of time

Front 18

Retrieval

Back 18

The process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory

Front 19

Sensory memory

Back 19

Very brief memory storage immediately following initial stimulation of a receptor

Front 20

Short-term memory

Back 20

Memory that is limited and capacity to about 7 items and in duration by the subjects active rehearsal

Front 21

Maintenance rehearsal

Back 21

A system for remembering that involves repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it

Front 22

Chunking

Back 22

The process of grouping items to make them easier to remember

Front 23

Semantic memory

Back 23

Knowledge of language including its rules words and meanings

Front 24

Episodic memory

Back 24

Memory of one's life including time of occurrence

Front 25

Declarative memory

Back 25

Memory of knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed

Front 26

Procedural memory

Back 26

Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection

Front 27

Recognition

Back 27

Memory retrieval in which a person identifies an object idea or situation as one he or she has or has not experienced before

Front 28

Recall

Back 28

Memory retrieval in which a person reconstructs previously learned material

Front 29

Reconstructive processes

Back 29

The alteration of a recalled memory that may be simplified and ridged or distorted depending on an individual's experiences attitudes or inferences

Front 30

Confabulation

Back 30

The act of filling in memory gaps

Front 31

Schemas

Back 31

Conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world

Front 32

Eidetic memory

Back 32

The ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure

Front 33

Decay

Back 33

Fading away of memory over time

Front 34

Interference

Back 34

Blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories

Front 35

Elaborative rehearsal

Back 35

The linking of new information to material that is already known

Front 36

Mnemonic device

Back 36

Techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information

Front 37

Thinking

Back 37

Changing and reorganizing the information stored in memory to create new information

Front 38

Image

Back 38

A visual mental representation of an event or object

Front 39

Symbol

Back 39

An abstract unit of thought that represents an object or quality

Front 40

Concept

Back 40

A label for a class of objects or events that have at least one attribute in common

Front 41

Prototype

Back 41

A representative example of a concept

Front 42

Rule

Back 42

A statement of relation between Concepts

Front 43

Metacognition

Back 43

The awareness of One's Own cognitive process

Front 44

Algorithm

Back 44

A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem

Front 45

Heuristic

Back 45

A rule of thumb problem solving strategy

Front 46

Mental set

Back 46

The habitual strategy or pattern of problem solving

Front 47

Functional fixedness

Back 47

The inability to imagine new functions for familiar objects

Front 48

Creativity

Back 48

The capacity to use information and/or abilities in a new and original way

Front 49

Flexibility

Back 49

The ability to overcome rigidity

Front 50

Recombination

Back 50

Rearranging the elements of a problem to arrive at an original solution

Front 51

Insight

Back 51

The apparent sudden realization of the solution to a problem

Front 52

Language

Back 52

The expression of ideas through symbols and sounds that are arranged according to rules

Front 53

Phoneme

Back 53

An individual sound that is a basic structural element of language

Front 54

Morpheme

Back 54

The smallest unit of meaning in a given language

Front 55

Syntax

Back 55

Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences

Front 56

Semantics

Back 56

The study of meaning in language

Front 57

Reliability

Back 57

The ability of a test to give the same results under similar conditions

Front 58

Validity

Back 58

The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

Front 59

Percentile system

Back 59

Ranking of test scores that indicates the ratio of scores lower and higher than a given score

Front 60

Norms

Back 60

Standard of comparison for test results developed by giving the test to large well-defined groups of people

Front 61

Intelligence

Back 61

The ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior and to adapt to new situations

Front 62

Two-factor Theory

Back 62

Purposes that two factors contribute to an individual's intelligence

Front 63

Triarchic Theory

Back 63

Proposes that intelligence can be divided into three ways of processing information

Front 64

Emotional intelligence

Back 64

Includes four major aspects of interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences

Front 65

Intelligence quotient

Back 65

Standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale in which 100 is average

Front 66

Heritability

Back 66

The degree to which a characteristic is related to inherited genetic factors

Front 67

Cultural bias

Back 67

An aspect of an intelligence test in which the wording use in questions may be more familiar to people of one social group then to another group

Front 68

Aptitude test

Back 68

Estimate the probability that a person will be successful and learning a specific new skill

Front 69

Achievement test

Back 69

Measure of how much a person has learned in a given subject or area

Front 70

Interest inventory

Back 70

Measures a person's preferences and attitudes in a wide variety of activities to identify areas of likely success

Front 71

Personality test

Back 71

Assessing an individual's characteristics and identifies problems

Front 72

Objective test

Back 72

A limited or forced choice test in which a person must select one of several answers

Front 73

Projective test

Back 73

An unstructured test in which a person is asked to respond freely giving his for her own interpretation of various ambiguous stimuli

Front 74

Anxiety

Back 74

A very generalized apprehension or feeling that one is in danger

Front 75

Phobia

Back 75

An intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation

Front 76

Panic disorder

Back 76

An extreme anxiety that manifests itself in the form of panic attacks

Front 77

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Back 77

Disorder in which victims of traumatic events experienced the original event in the form of Dreams or flashbacks

Front 78

Somatoform disorder

Back 78

Physical symptoms for which there is no apparent physical cause

Front 79

Conversion disorder

Back 79

Changing emotional difficulties into a loss of a specific voluntary bodily functions

Front 80

Disassociative disorder

Back 80

A disorder in which a person experiences alterations in memory Identity or consciousness

Front 81

Disassociative amnesia

Back 81

The inability to recall important personal events or information is usually associated with stressful events

Front 82

Dissociative fugue

Back 82

A dissociative disorder in which a person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past

Front 83

Dissociative identity disorder

Back 83

A person exhibits two or more personality States each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving

Front 84

Schizophrenia

Back 84

A group of disorders characterized by confusion and disconnected thoughts emotions and perceptions

Front 85

Delusions

Back 85

False beliefs about a person maintains in the face of contrary evidence

Front 86

Hallucinations

Back 86

Perceptions that have no direct external cause

Front 87

major depressive disorder

Back 87

Severe form of Lauren mood in which a person experiences feelings of worthlessness and diminished pleasure or interest in many activities

Front 88

Bipolar disorder

Back 88

Disorder in which an individual alternates between feelings of mania and depression

Front 89

Personality disorders

Back 89

Maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing with others and one's environment

Front 90

Antisocial personality

Back 90

A personality disorder characterized by irresponsibility shallow emotions and lack of conscience

Front 91

Psychological dependence

Back 91

Use of a drug to such an extent that a person feels nervous and anxious without it

Front 92

Addiction

Back 92

A pattern of drug abuse characterized by an overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and use the drug

Front 93

Tolerance

Back 93

Physical adaptation to a drug so that a person needs an increased amount in order to produce the original effect

Front 94

Withdraw

Back 94

The symptoms that occur after a person discontinues the use of a drug to which he or she has become addicted

Front 95

Psychotherapy

Back 95

Any treatment used by therapists to help troubled individuals overcome their problems

Front 96

Eclectic approach

Back 96

Method that combines various kinds of therapy or combinations of Therapies

Front 97

Placebo effect

Back 97

The influence of a patient's hopes and expectations have on his or her Improvement during therapy

Front 98

Empathy

Back 98

Capacity for warmth and understanding

Front 99

Group therapy

Back 99

Patients work together with the aid of a leader to resolve interpersonal problems

Front 100

Psychoanalysis

Back 100

Therapy aimed at making patients aware of their unconscious motives so that they can gain control over their behavior

Front 101

Insight

Back 101

The apparent sudden realization of the solution to a problem

Front 102

Free association

Back 102

A method used to examine the unconscious

Front 103

Resistance

Back 103

The reluctance of a patient either to reveal painful feelings or to examine long-standing Behavior patterns

Front 104

Dream analysis

Back 104

A technique used by psychoanalyst to interpret the content of patients dreams

Front 105

Transference

Back 105

The process experienced by the patient of feeling toward an analyst or therapist the way he or she feels or felt toward some other important figure in his or her life

Front 106

Humanistic therapy

Back 106

Focuses on the value dignity and worth of each person

Front 107

Client centered therapy

Back 107

Reflects the belief that the client and therapist are Partners in therapy

Front 108

Non-directive therapy

Back 108

The free flow of images and ideas with no particular direction

Front 109

Active listening

Back 109

Empathetic listening a listener and knowledge is free states and clarifies the speaker's thoughts and concerns

Front 110

Unconditional positive regard

Back 110

A therapist consistent expression of acceptance of the patient no matter what the patient says and does

Front 111

Behavior modification

Back 111

A systematic method of changing the way a person acts and feels

Front 112

Cognitive therapy

Back 112

Using thoughts to control emotions and behaviors

Front 113

Rational emotive therapy

Back 113

A form of psychological help and at changing unrealistic assumptions about oneself and other people

Front 114

Behavior therapy

Back 114

Changing undesirable Behavior through conditioning techniques

Front 115

Systematic desensitization

Back 115

A technique to help a patient overcome irrational fears and anxieties

Front 116

aversive conditioning

Back 116

Wings and unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior in an attempt to eliminate the behavior

Front 117

Contingency meaning

Back 117

Undesirable behavior is not reinforced while desirable behavior is reinforced

Front 118

Cognitive behavior therapy

Back 118

Based on a combination of substituting healthy thoughts for negative thoughts and beliefs and changing disruptive behavior in favor of healthy Behavior

Front 119

Drug therapy

Back 119

Biological therapy that uses medications

Front 120

Antipsychotic drugs

Back 120

Medication to reduce agitation delusions and hallucinations by blocking the activity of dopamine in the brain

Front 121

Antidepressants

Back 121

Medication to treat major depression by increasing the amount of one or both of the neurotransmitters noradrenaline and serotonin

Front 122

Lithium carbonate

Back 122

A chemical used to counteract mood swings of bipolar disorder

Front 123

Anxiety drugs

Back 123

Medication that relieves anxiety and panic disorders by depressing the activity of the central nervous system

Front 124

Electroconvulsive therapy

Back 124

An electrical shock is sent through the brain to try to reduce symptoms of mental disturbance

Front 125

Psycho-surgery

Back 125

A medical operation that destroys part of the brain to make the patient calmer and Freer of symptoms

Front 126

Prefrontal lobotomy

Back 126

A radical form of psychosurgery in which a section of the frontal lobe of the brain is destroyed