Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Psychotherapy
|
an intentional interpersonal relationship used by trained psychotherapists to aid a client or patient in problems of living. Aimed to increase sense of well-being.
|
|
|
Who provides psychological treatment
|
clinical and psychologists. Psychiatrists, counselors, psychiatric social workers.
|
|
|
Who seeks psychological therapy
|
15% receive treatment in one year. Medical insurance. Women more then men. Educational level.
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis: Freud
|
goal is to release hidden unconscious thoughts and feeling in order to reduce their power in controlling behavior.
|
|
|
Psychoanalysis: Freud
1) Free association 2) Dream interpretation 3) Transference |
1) Free association: patient speaks for themselves rather then repeating ideas of the analyst.
2) Dream Interpretation: What dreams mean 3) Transference: Discussing with therapists |
|
|
Contemporary psycho-dynamic approaches
|
a) Less emphasis on patient's past history and childhood - concentrate instead on individual's current relationships and specific complaints.
b) duration of therapy is shorter |
|
|
Behavioral approaches to therapy
|
all behaviors, both normal and abnormal can be learned
|
|
|
Classical conditioning treatments
1) Aversive conditioning 2) Systematic desensitization 3) Exposure treatments |
1) Aversive conditioning: pairs a unpleasant stimulus with patients problem ex) medicine that make you throw up when you drink alcohol.
2) Systematic desensitization: Teaches patient to be exposed to phobia and learn relation technique. Higharchy. Exposed gradually to patients fear. Ex) afraid of dogs, show pictures of dog, then meet a dog. then get a dog. 3) Exposure treatments: ex) Virtual Reality - uses computers to create simulated environmental (treats anxiety disorders) |
|
|
token system
|
giving patients physical money to perform good in situation
|
|
|
contingency contracting
|
patient and therapist creating goals and then rewarding patient if goals are met
|
|
|
Observational learning
|
patient can see example of desired behavior ex) watch other people overcome fear.
|
|
|
Dialectical behavior therapy
|
getting patient to accept who they are
|
|
|
Cognitive-behavioral approach
|
used to change the way people think as well as their behavior
|
|
|
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (Albert Ellis)
|
Confrontational-people are confronted with their irrational maladaptive beliefs ex) who says you will die?
ABC Model A) negative Activating condition (close relationship breaks up) B) irrational Belief system (will never be loved again) C) emotional Consequences |
|
|
Cognitive therapy (Aaron Beck)
|
helps clients realize that their thoughts and not the situation, cause their maladaptive emotional decisions.
|
|
|
Social Psychology
|
focuses on how people thoughts, feelings, actions are affected by others.
|
|
|
Factors that affect attitude change
|
Message Source: credibility, trustworthiness, physical attractiveness, likability.
Characteristics of the message: 2 sided arguments, validity effect(repetition matters), fear arousing. Characteristics of the target: strength of attitudes, cognitive dissonance, forewarning, conditioning. |
|
|
central route processing
|
interested in context of message ex) stronger, lasting, attitude change
|
|
|
peripheral route Processing
|
How message is Provided ex) weaker, less persistent attitude change.
People with high cognitive use "central route processing" |
|
|
Cognitive dissonance
|
when a person holds two contradictory attitudes.
|
|
|
Social Cognition
|
the way people understand and make sense of others and themselves.
|
|
|
Schemas
|
sets of cognition about people and social experiences. use less memory because we can predict individual behavior based on categories.
|
|
|
Attribution Theory
1) Situational causes 2) Dispositional causes |
explains how we make decisions about someone's behavior.
1) Situational causes: those brought about by something in the environment ex) being high 2) Dispositional causes: prompted by the persons disposition. Core traits. |
|
|
halo effect
|
phenomenon in which an initial understanding that a person has positive traits is used to infer other uniformly positive characteristics.
|
|
|
Assumed similarity bias
|
thinking of people as being similar to oneself even when meeting them for the 1st time.
|
|
|
Self-serving
|
attributing success to personal factors and attribute failure to factors outside oneself.
|
|
|
Fundamental attribution error
|
tendency to exaggerate the importance of personality characteristics in producing others behavior, minimizing the influence of the environment.
|
|
|
Review cultural differences in attribution biases
|
different languages use attribution biases from their actual context of sentences
|
|
|
Impression formation
|
process which an individual organizes info about another to form an overall judgement of people ex) student athletes
|
|
|
group
|
2 or more people who interact with each other, perceive themselves as part of the group and are interdependent.
|
|
|
Solomon Asch study
|
having people in a study purposely change answer to see if person changes their mind to group answer
|
|
|
Conformity Conclusions:
1) characteristics of group 2)situation 3)type of task 4)unanimity of group |
76% of participants did conform on at least 1 trial.
1) Characteristics: status(do we want to be part of this group 2) Situation: can we hear other peoples responses 3) Type of task: if questions are harder to answer 4) Unanimity:social supporter if 1 person resists, if group is solid or together. |
|
|
Group think
|
type of thinking in which group members share such a strong motivation to achieve consensus that they lose the ability to critically evaluate alternative points of view ex) entrapment
|
|
|
norm of reciprocity
|
type of behavior that occurs in response to direct social pressure
|
|
|
foot in the door
|
can i get $5, sure, actually what about $20?
|
|
|
door in the face
|
can i get $20, no, what about $5?
|
|
|
that's not all
|
sales pitch. Infomercials
|
|
|
not so free sample
|
don't get anything for free. expect stuff in return
|
|
|
Milgram Obedience Study
|
Shocking people who answer questions wrong. Would ordinary citizens obey an authority figure if those orders meant putting people in harm.
Outcome: 65% of participants administered all 30 levels of shock |
|
|
remoteness
|
if victim is closer, less likely to obey authority figure.
|
|
|
authority figure
|
closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure.
|
|
|
Situational versus personal factors
|
maybe situation isn't excuse
|
|
|
Stereotype
|
set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a specific group and its members
|
|
|
Prejudice
|
negative or positive evaluation of a group or its member
|
|
|
Discrimination
|
behavior directed toward individuals on the basis of their membership in a particular group.
|
|
|
Observational learning
|
children see parents behavior
|
|
|
mass media
|
TV stereo types, moves
|
|
|
ethnocentric
|
viewing the world from their own perspective and judging others in terms of their group membership.
|
|
|
Implicit Association Test
|
Males with careers, females with family. Ingenious measure of prejudice that permits a more accurate assessment of people's discrimination between members of different groups.
|
|
|
Ways to reduce consequences of prejudice and discrimination
|
1) increase contact between stereotyper and target of the stereotype
2) make values and norms against prejudice more conspicuous 3) provide info about the targets of sterotyping |
|
|
Proximity
|
close to us, see a lot, dorms close together
|
|
|
Exposure
|
exposed more, tend to like it more
|
|
|
Similarity
|
more things in common, more likely to like them.
|
|
|
Reciprocity of liking
|
If we like someone, they should like us back.
|
|
|
Attractiveness
|
Plays initial role in liking someone. Decreases throughout relationship.
|
|
|
Sternberg's Triangular of Love: Proposes that love involves 3 major components.
1) Intimacy 2) Commitment 3) Passion |
Proposes that love involves 3 major components.
Intimacy: closeness, sharing, and valuing one's partner. Commitment: decision to remain in a relationship. Passion: feelings of physical attraction and sexual desire. |
|
|
Romantic love
|
intimacy + passion
|
|
|
Companionate love
|
intimacy + commitment
|
|
|
Empty/Fatuous love
|
passion + commitment
|
|
|
Consumate love
|
intimacy + passion + commitment
|
|
|
Aggression
|
intentionally injuring of or harming of another person
|
|
|
Instinct and catharsis
|
aggression is release of negative energy. Society should provide ways to release energy.
|
|
|
Frustrations-Aggression
|
aggression is a reaction to frustration. The reaction to the blocking of goals ex) traffic.
|
|
|
Observational learning
|
learning to hurt others by watching others
|
|
|
Dealing with anger
|
look at situation from others perspective. Minimize importance of situation. Relax. Fantasize about getting even, but don't act on it.
|
|
|
Prosocial behavior
|
when do people help those in need
|
|
|
critical factor
|
how many people are present
|
|
|
diffusion of responsibility
|
tendency for people to feel that responsibility for acting is shared among those present.
|
|
|
Latane and Darley's "Seizure Study"
|
will people help public when a lot of people are around.
|
|
|
Altruism
|
helping behavior that is cleary beneficial to others, but often includes self-sacrifice
|
|
|
Steps of giving aid
1) Noticing |
a person, even, or situation that may require help.
|
|
|
2) Interpreting
|
the event as one that requires help
|
|
|
3)Assuming responsibility for helping
|
how many people around you, who is around you.
|
|
|
4) Deciding and Implementing the form of helping
|
fighting, call 911
|
|
|
"Victims" are more likely to get help
|
if they are attractive, similar to the helper, and physically close.
|
