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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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social psychology
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study of the ways in which thoughts, feelings, perceptions, motives, and behavior are influenced by interactions and transactions b/t people
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social cognition
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processes by which people select, interpret, and remember social information
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social perception
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the process by which people come to understand and categorize the behaviors of others
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causal attributions
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how poeple make judgments abuot the forces that influence other people's behavior
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attribution theory
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general apporach to describing the ways the social perceiver uses information to generate causal explanations
FRITZ HEIDER |
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covariation theory
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people should attribute a behavior to a causal factor (when appropriate)
HAROLD KELLY |
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covariation principle with three dimensions of info:
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1. distinctiveness: wheter behavior is specifc?
2. consistency: contineues? 3. consensus: others agree? |
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fundamental attribution error
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LEE ROSS
dual tendency for people to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors when blaming |
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self-serving bias
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leads people to take credit for their successes while denying or explaining away responsibility for their failures
(especially in groups) |
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self-fulfilling prophecies
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predictions made about some future behavior or even thta modify behaviroal interactions so as to produce what is expected
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behavioral confirmation
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someone's expectations about another person actually influence the second perosn to behave in ways that confirm the original hypothesis
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attitude
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positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, and ideas
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accessibility (when with attitude)
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strength of the association between an attitude object adn a person's evaluation of that object
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persuasion
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deliberate efforts to change your attitude
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elaboration likelihood model
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theory of persuasion; defines how likely it is that people will focus their cognitive processes to elaboarate upon a persuasive message
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cognitive dissonance
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LEON FESTINGER
state of conflict someone experiences AFTER making a decision, taking an action, etc. (justify behaviors..only for$) |
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self-perception thoery
DARYL BEM |
you infer what your internal states (beliefs, motives, etc) are by perceiving how you act now and fremembering how acted before to explain behavior.
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compliance
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change in behavior consisten with people's direct requests
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reciprocity norm
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when someone does something nice for you, reciprocate.
return favors=much larger |
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door-in-the-face technique
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when people sya 'no' to a large request, they will often say 'yes' to a more moderate request
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prejudice
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learned attitude toward a target object, involving negative feelings, beliefs that justify the attitude, and a behavioral intention to avoid, control, etc
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social categorization
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process by which people organize their social environemnt by categorizing themselves and others into groups
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in-groups
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groups which with people identify as members (in prejudice)
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out-groups
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groups with which they don't identify
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in-group bias
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evaluation of one's own gruop as better than others
out-group instantly - hostile feelings/unfiar treatment |
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racism
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discrimination against people based ont heir skin color or ethnic heritage
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sexism
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discrimination agains people based on their sex
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universal orientation sclale
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notice similarities and ignore differences
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stereotypes
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generalizations about a group of people in which the same chaaracteristics are assigned to all members of a group
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stereotype threat of CLAUDE STEELE
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when people are placed in situations to which negative aspects of stereotypes are relevant...sets up people for failure
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contact hypothessis
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a program combating prejeudice must foster personal interaction in the pursiuit of shared goals
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jigsaw technique
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each pupil is given part of the total material to master and then share with other group members--every person's part is SO IMPORTANT
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jisgsaw classrooms
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lesson interracial conflict; unites students as a common-fate team
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how become friends with people?
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proximity
physical attractiveness similarity reciprocity (who like you as well) |
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Loving?
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passion
intimacy commitment |
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adult attachment style
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parents' social teachings early on may really REALLY influence children for later
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attachment styles
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secure
avoidant anxious-bambivalent passionate companionate |
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social role
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socailly defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person when functioning in a given setting or group(home=child, college=adult)
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rules (social)
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behavioral guidelines for specific settings
EX: NO SMOKING |
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social norm
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broad guidelines regarding how you HSOULD act
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conformity
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tendency for people to adopt the behavior and opinions presented by other gruop members
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informational influence processes
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wanting to be correct and to understand the right way to act in a given situation
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normative influence processes
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wanting to be liked, accepted, adn approved of by others
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norm crystallization
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norm formation and solidification
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(solomon) asch effect
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normative influence (want to be liked); in group three lines on card clearly one longer but to be accepted ppl chose wrong line
2/3 didNOT conform |
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group polarization
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groups show a tendency to amek decsiions that are more extrmee than decisions that would be made by members acting alone....EEK
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groupthink
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tendency of a decision-making group to fliter out undesirable input so that a consenus may be reached, espcially if it's in line with leader's viewpoint
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Candid Camerca scenarios
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ALLEN FUNT
people mindlessly obeying 'rules'; stoplight on sidewalk, etc |
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prosocial behaviors
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behaviors that are carried out with the goal of helping other people
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altruism
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proscial behaviors a person carries out without consering their own safetty or interests
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reciprocal altruism
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people perform altruisc behaviors b/c they expect that others will perform altruistic behaviros for them
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Motives for ProSocial Behavior
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altruism
egoism collectivism (benefit group) principlism |
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empathy-altruism hypothesis
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when feel empathy towrad another individual, those feelings evoke an altruistic motive to prodvide help
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bystander intervention
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people's willingness to help strangers in distress
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diffusion of responsibilty
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when more htan one perosn could help in an pmergency situation, people often assume that someone else IWLL help so back off
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aggression
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person's behaviors that cause psychological or phsycial harm to another invidividual
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impulsive aggression
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people respond with aggressive acts in heat of the moment
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instrumental aggression
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goal directed; people carry out acts of aggression with premdeitated thought to acheive specific aims
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frustration-aggression hypothesis
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frustration occurs in situations in which people are prevented or blocked from attaining their goals; a rise in frustration then leads to a greater probablity of aggression
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demand characteristics
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cues in an experimental setting that influence participants' perceptions of what is expected of them and systematically influence thier behavior
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peace psychology
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works to promote peace within nations, communities, and families and encourages reseach, etc.
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group dynamics
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ways in which leaders directly influenced thir followers and they ways in which grup processes changed the behavior of individuals
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