Psych Exam 3

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

The mental system for receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering, and retrieving information.

Front 2

Storage

Back 2

Holding information in memory for later use.

Front 3

Sensory Memory

Back 3

The first, normally unconscious stage of memory, which holds an exact record of incoming information for a few seconds or less.

Front 4

Short term memory (STM)

Back 4

The memory system used to hold small amounts of information in our conscious awareness for about a dozen seconds.

Front 5

Long term memory (LTM)

Back 5

The memory system used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful information.

Front 6

Information chunks (Chunking)

Back 6

Information bits grouped together into smaller units

Front 7

False memories

Back 7

Thoughts, inferences and mental associations may be mistaken for true memories.

Front 8

Why we forget things

Back 8

1. Encoding failure: Failure to store stuff sufficiently.

2. Memory Decay: Fading or weakening of memories

3. Disuse: Memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used

Front 9

Repression

Back 9

Unconsciously pushing unwanted memories out of awareness.

Front 10

Suppression

Back 10

A conscious effort to put something out of mind or to keep it hidden from others.

Front 11

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 11

Loss of memories that happened before a head injury. ( The Vow)

Front 12

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 12

Loss of being able to form memories after a injury or trauma to the brain (50 first dates example)

Front 13

Hippocampus

Back 13

Brain structure associated with emotion and the transfer of information from short term to long term memory.

Front 14

Flashbulb memories

Back 14

Memories created at times of high emotion that seem especially vivid.

Front 15

Mnemonic Devices

Back 15

Any kind of memory system or aid.

Front 16

Insanity

Back 16

alegal term that refers to a mental inability to manage one’s affairs or to beaware of the consequences of one’s actions

Front 17

Organicmental disorder

Back 17

mentalor emotional problem caused by brain diseases or injuries

Front 18

Mooddisorder

Back 18

a majordisturbance in mood or emotion, such as depression or mania

Front 19

AnxietyDisorder

Back 19

disruptivefeeling of fear, apprehension, or anxiety, or distortions in behavior that areanxiety related

Front 20

Psychosis

Back 20

a withdrawal fromreality marked by hallucinations and delusions, disturbed thoughts andemotions, and personality disorganization

Front 21

Delusion

Back 21

afalse belief held against all contrary evidence

Front 22

Hallucination

Back 22

animaginary sensation, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling things that don’texist in the real world

Front 23

Schizophrenia

Back 23

psychosischaracterized by delusions, hallucinations, apathy, and a split between throughand emotion

Front 24

Bipolardisorders

Back 24

1) emotionaldisorders involving both depression and mania or hypomania

Front 25

Panicdisorder

Back 25

a chronic stateof anxiety and also brief moments of sudden, intense, unexpected panic

Front 26

Antisocialpersonality disorder

Back 26

aperson who lacks a conscience; is emotionally shallow, impulsive, and tends tomanipulate others

Front 27

Post traumatic stress disorder

Back 27

disablingcondition that results from personally experiencing an actual or threateningevent leading to disturbing memories, nightmares, and intense anxiety

Front 28

Phobia

Back 28

ananxiety disorder characterized by an intense and irrational fear

Front 29

Dissociativeidentity disorder

Back 29

1) the presence oftwo or more distinct identities or personality states

Front 30

Somatoformdisorders

Back 30

recurringphysical symptoms that are not under voluntary control, have no known cause,and are believed to be psychological factors

Front 31

Catatonicschizophrenia

Back 31

marked by periodsof wild excitement or periods of prolonged rigid immobility

Front 32

SocialPsychology

Back 32

explains how our thoughts, feelings,perceptions, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others

Front 33

Personperception

Back 33

seeingsomeone and then forming impressions about their likability, the kind of personthey are, and their intentions, traits, and behaviors

Front 34

Stereotypes

Back 34

beliefs thatpeople have certain traits because they belong to a particular group

Front 35

Prejudice

Back 35

unfair,biased, or intolerant attitude toward another group of people

Front 36

Discrimination

Back 36

refersto specific unfair behaviors exhibited towards members of a group

Front 37

Internalattributions

Back 37

explanationsof behavior based on internal characteristics

Front 38

Externalattributions

Back 38

behaviors basedon external circumstances or situations

Front 39

Fundamentalattribution

Back 39

error is focusingon a person’s disposition or traits and overlooking how the situationinfluenced their behavior

Front 40

Actorobserver effect

Back 40

attributingan person’s behavior to situation factors

Front 41

Self-servingbias

Back 41

attributingsuccesses to self-disposition and explaining failures to the situation

Front 42

Attitude

Back 42

belief thatpositive or negative evaluation of an object, person, or event, and causes acertain way of action

Front 43

Cognitivedissonance

Back 43

the psychologicaltension that motivates us to reduce our inconsistences by making our beliefsmore consistent with our behavior

Front 44

Counterattitudinalbehavior

Back 44

taking a publicposition that runs counter to private attitude

Front 45

Self-perception theory

Back 45

saysthat we first perceive our own behavior and then, change our attitudes

Front 46

Conformity

Back 46

behaviorthat you perform because of group pressure

Front 47

extrinsic motivation

Back 47

engaging in certain activities or behaviors thateither reduce biological needs or help obtain incentives or external rewards.

Front 48

motivation

Back 48

various physiological and psychological factors that cause people to actin a specific way at a particular time.

Front 49

incentives

Back 49

goalsthat can be either objects or thoughts that one learns to value and that one ismotivated to obtain.

Front 50

instincts

Back 50

innatetendencies or biological forces that determine behavior

Front 51

intrinsic motivation

Back 51

engaging incertain activities or behaviors because the behaviors themselves are personallyrewarding or because engaging in these activities fulfills one’s beliefs orexpectations.

Front 52

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Back 52

ascendingorder, or hierarchy, in which biological needs are placed at the bottom andsocial needs at the top.

Front 53

social needs

Back 53

affiliation or close social bonds; nurturance or need to help andprotect others; dominance or need to influence or control others; andachievement or need to excel; acquired through learning and experience.

Front 54

anorexia nervosa

Back 54

seriouseating disorder characterized by refusing to eat and not maintaining weight at85% of what is expected, having an intense fear of gaining weight or becomingfat, and missing at least three consecutive menstrual cycles

Front 55

bulimia nervosa

Back 55

a eating disorder characterized by a minimum of twobinge-eating episodes per week for at least 3 months; fear of not being able tostop eating; regularly engaging in vomiting, use of laxatives, or rigorousdieting and fasting; and excessive concern about body shape and weight.

Front 56

psychological sex factors

Back 56

play a rolein developing sexual or gender identity, gender role, and sexual orientation.

Front 57

achievement need

Back 57

is the desire to set challenging goals and to persist in pursuing those goals inthe face of obstacles, frustrations, and setbacks

Front 58

extrinsic motivation

Back 58

engaging in certain activities or behaviors that either reduce biological needs orhelp obtain incentives or external rewards.

Front 59

intrinsic motivation

Back 59

engagingin certain activities or behaviors because the behaviors themselves arepersonally rewarding or because engaging in these activities fulfills one’sbeliefs or expectations.

Front 60

underachievers

Back 60

individualswho score relatively high on tests of ability or intelligence but perform morepoorly than their scores would predict.

2. Emotion comesfrom the latin term term to set in motion

Front 61

Emotion

Back 61

from the latin term term to set in motion

Front 62

James-Lange theory

Back 62

states that brains interpret specific physiological changes as emotionsand that there is a different physiological pattern underlying each emotion

Front 63

cognitive appraisal theory

Back 63

Interpretation or appraisal or thought or memory of asituation, object, or event can contribute to, or result in, experiencing differentemotional states.