Psych Exam 3

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social psychology

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area of study that attempts to explain how the actual, imagined, or implied prescence of others inlfluences he thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of individuals

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naive subject

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actual participant who has agreed to participate but is not aware that deception is being used to conceal the real purpose of the experiment

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social perception

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process we use to obtain critically important social information about others

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primary effect

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overall impression of another person is influenced more by first info recieved about the person than by information that comes later

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attribution

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attribute causes to explain the behaviors of others and to explain our own behavior as well

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situational attribution

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external attribution in which we attribute a person's behavior to some external cause or factor operating within the situation

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dispositional attribution

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(internal attribution) attributing a person's behavior to some internal cause such as personal trait, motive or attitude

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actor observer effect

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tendency to attribute our own short comings primarily to situational factors and those of others to internal dispositional factors

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self serving bias

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when we attribute our sucess to internal, or dispositional causes and blame our failures on external or situational causes

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proximity

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geographic closeness

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mere-exposure effect

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tendency to feel more positively towards stimuli with repeated exposure

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halo effect

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when people have one trait or quality that we either admire or dislike we often assume that they also have other admirable or negative traits

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matching hypothesis

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we are likely to end up with someone similar to ourselves in attractiveness and other aspects

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triangular theory of love

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three components intimacy, passion, and commitment

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liking

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characterizes true friendship and intimacy

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infatuated love

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soley of passion and love at first sight

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empty love

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decision/commitment component without intimacy or passion

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romantic love

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combination of intimacy and passion. romantic lovers are bonded emotionally and physically

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fatuous love

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commitment is motivated largely by passion

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companionate love

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consists of intimacy and commitment; passion has gone out but a deep affection and commitment remain

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consumate love

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intimacy, decision, and passion. The ideal love relationship for which many people strive

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conformity

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changing or adopting a behavior in order to be consistent with the social norms of a group or the expectations of other people

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social norms

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standards of behavior and the attitudes that are expected of members of a group

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compliance

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people act in accordance with the wishes, suggestions, or direct requests of another person

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foot in the door technique

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gain favorable response to a small request first with intent to make the person more likely to agree later to a larger request

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door in the face technique

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a large unreasonable request is made first, the expectation is that the person will refuse but will be more likely to respond favorably to a later smaller request

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low ball technique

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a very attractive initial offer is made to get people to commit themselves to an action and then the terms are made less favorable

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social facilitation

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any effect on performance whether positive or negative that can be attributed to the presecence of others

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audience effects

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impact of passive spectators on performance

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coaction effects

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impact on performance cause by the prescnece of other people engaged in the same task

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social loafing

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refer to peoples tendency to exert less effort when working with others on a common task than when working alone

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group polarization

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group discussion often causes members of a group to shift to a more extreme position in whatever direction the group was leaning initially

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group think

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decisions reached by tightly knit groups

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social roles

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socially defined behaviors that are considered appropriate for individuals occupying certain positions in a given group

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attitudes

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relatively stable evaluations of persons, objects, situations, or issues along a continum ranging from positive to negative

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persuasion

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deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes and or behavior of another person

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prosocial behavior

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behavior that benefits others such as helping cooperation and sympathy

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altruism

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behavior that is aimed at helping other and requires some self-scarifice but isnt performed for personal gain

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bystander effect

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as the number of bystanders at an emergency increases the probability that the victim will recieve help from them decreases and the help if given is likely to be delayed

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diffusion of responsibility

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when bystanders are present in an emergency and feel that the responsibility for helping is shared by the group

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aggression

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intentional infliction of physical or psycological harm on others

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crowding

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subjective judgement that there are too many people in a confined area leading to higher psychological arousal

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social learning theory of aggression

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holds that people learn to behave aggressively by observing aggressive models and by having their aggressive responses reinforced

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prejudice

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negative attitudes towards others based on their gender, religion, race or membership in a particular group

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discrimination

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behaviors/actions towards members of a group

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realistic conflict theory

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as competition increases so do prejudice, discrimination and hatred among the competing groups

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in-group

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social group where there is strong feeling of togetherness from which others are excluded

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out-group

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individuals or groups specifically identified by an in-group as not belonging

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social cognition

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ways in which people typically process social information

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personality

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individuals characteristic patterns of behaving thinking and feeling

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psychoanalysis

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therapy for treating psychological disorders devised by Sigmund Freud but also to the influential personality theory he proposed

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conscious

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consists of whatever a person is aware of at any given moment- a thought, feeling, sensation or memory

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preconscious

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contains all memories a person isn't consciously thinking about at the moment but may easily be brought to consciousness

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unconscious

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memories that were once conscious but were so unpleasent that they were removed. also contains instincts, wishes, and desires that have never been let into consciousness

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ID

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present at birth, inherited and completely unconscious, life instincts and biological urges, death instinct, tries to seek pleasure, avoid pain, and gain immdiate gratification

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ego

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logical,rational,realistic part of the personality

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superego

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moral component of personality

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personal unconscious

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develops as a result of individual experience and is therefore unique to each person

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collective unconsciousness

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contains the universal experience and is therefore unique to each person

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archetype

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inherited tendencies to respond to universal human situations in a new way

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self-efficacy

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the perception people hold of their ability to form competenly in whatever they attempt

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internal locus of control

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see yourself as in control of your behavior and its consequences

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external locus of control

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whatever happens in the hands of fate, luck or chance

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humanistic psychology

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people are assumed to have a natural tendency toward growth and the realization of their fullest potential

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self actualization

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developing to one's fullest potential

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conditions of worth

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conditions on which their positive regard hinges

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traits

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qualities or characteristics that make it possible for us to face a wide variety of situational demands and deal with unforseen circumstances

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extraversion

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sociable, outgoing,talkative,assertive,persausive, decisive and active

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neurotocism

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emotional instability,moody,irritable,nervous,inclined to worry

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conscientiousness

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dependable,organized,reliable,responsible,thourough,hard working and perservering

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agreeableness

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pleasent,good natured, warm, sympathetic, and cooperative

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openness and experience

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imaginative, intellectually curious, and broad minded

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prevalence

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total number of people within a population who suffer from a certain disorder

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incidence

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number of people within a population who have acquired the disorder within a specific time period

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melancholia

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severe depression

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mania

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marked agitation, grandiose thinking, and elation

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delirium

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lost awarness of environment, time, and self

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dementia

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memory loss, personality change, and deterioration in judment and personal habits

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idotism

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mental retardation

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flooding

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form of behavior therapy in which the patient agrees to be instantly and totally immersed in the feared situation or surronded by the feared object

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insight therapies

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assume psychological well being depends on self understanding. understanding of one's own thoughts, emotions, motives, behavior and coping mechanisms

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psychodynamic therapies

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attempt to uncover childhood experiences that explain a patients current difficulties

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free association

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asked to reveal whatever comes to mind; an analyst pieces together the meanings in order to help the patient gain insight into their thoughts or behaviors

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transference

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patient reacts to the analyst with same feeling that were present in another significant relationship

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humanistic therapies

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assume that people have the ability and freedom to live rational lives and make rational choices

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person-centered therapy (non directive)

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people are innately good and if allowed to develop nautrally, will grow toward self actualization

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gestalt therapy

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emphasizes importance of fully experiencing in the present moment their feelings, thoughts, and actions and taking responsibility for them

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directive therapy

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therapist takes and active role in determing the course of the therapy sessions

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relations therapies

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look at individuals internal struggles but also their interpersonal relationships

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extinction

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accomplished by terminatiing or witholding the reinforcement that is maintaining the behavior

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interpersonal therapy

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brief psychotherapy that has proven very effective in the treatment of depression

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token economies

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reward appropriate behavior with tokens which can be exchanged for goods

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time out

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undesirable behavior will stop if it is no longer followed by attention or positive reinforcers

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systematic desensitization

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have patients relax and then confront fears until gradually they become calm when faced with their fears

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exposure

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confronting patients with objects or situations they have been avoiding

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response prevention

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patients agree to resist preforming their compulsive behaviors

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aversion therapy

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used to rid clients of a harmful or socially undesirable behavior by pairing it with a painful, sickening, or otherwise aversive stimulus

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participant modeling

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a model demonstrates the appropriate response in gradual steps and client attempts to imitate

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rational-emotive therapy

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activating event, person's beliefs about the event, emotional consequence; directive confrontational form of psychology with focuses on person's beliefs about an event

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automatic thoughts

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unreasonable but unquestioned ideas that rule the person's life

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cognitive therapy

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help patients stop negative thoughts as they occur and replace them with more objective thoughts

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theraputic alliance

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bond between therapist and client

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heritability

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estimate of the total proportion of the total variance in a trait that is attributable to genetic variation within a group

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nervous system

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gathers and processes information, produces responses to stimuli and coordinates the workings of different cells

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central nervous system

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recieves, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. Made up of the brain and spinal chord

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Peripheral Nervous system

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handles the central nervous system's input and output.

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sensory nerves

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carry messages from receptors to spinal chord and sends to the brain

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motor nerves

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carry orders from central nervous system to muscles, glands, and internal organs

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somatic nervous system

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nerves connected to sensory receptors and skeletal muscles permitting voluntary actions

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autonomic nervous system

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regulates functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs

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glial cells

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hold neurons in place, provide nutrients,insulate, remove debris and protect brain from toxins

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cell body

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determines whether or not a neuron should transmit to other neurons

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axon

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transmits messages away from the cell body to other neurons or to muscle or gland cells

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myelin sheath

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surrounding layer of fatty tissue that speeds up impulses

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synaptic cleft

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axon terminal of one neuron nearly touches a dendrite or the cell body of another

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action potential

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electrical potential when a message is sent where sodium inflows and pottassium outflows

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neurotransmitter

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released after the action potential to send a message

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excitatory

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voltage in positive direction

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inhibitory

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voltage shift in negative direction

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pons

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part of the brain stem that regulates sleeping, walking, and dreaming

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medulla

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regulates bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate

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cerebellum

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sense of balance and coordinates muscle movements: analyzing and solving problems

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thalamus

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directs messages to other parts of the brain

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hypothalamus

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hunger, thirst, emotion, sex, body temperature, and biological clock

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occipital lobe

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visual cortex

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parietal lobe

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somatosensory cortex, recieves info about pressure, pain, touch, and temperature

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temporal lobe

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memory , perception, and emotion. also has auditory cortex and wernickes area

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frontal lobes

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motor cortex: muscle movement
Brocca's area: speech

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classical conditioning

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form of learning where association is between one stimulus and another

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stimulus

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any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds

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unconditioned response

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unlearned response

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unconditioned stimulus

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any stimulus that brings forth an unconditional response

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conditioned stimulus

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learned stimulus

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conditioned response

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learned response

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extinction

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conditioned stimulus is forgotten

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generalization

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something similar to the original conditioned stimulus will produce the condtioned response

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taste aversion

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intense dislike or avoidance of a particular food that has been associated with discomfort

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law of effect

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consequence or effect of a response determines whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strenghtened or weakened

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operant conditioning

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consequences of behavior are manipulated in order to increase or decrease the frequency of a response or to shape an entirely new response

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reinforcer

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any thing that increases the probability of the response it follows

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discrimitve stimulus

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stimulus that signal whether a certain response is likely to be rewarded or ignored

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positive reinforcement

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same as a reward: pleasent consequence applied after a response increasing the probability of that resonse