Psych Exam 3

Front 1

stress

Back 1

process by which we perceive and respond to certain events/stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Front 2

three main types of stressors

Back 2

catastrophes, sig. life changes, and daily hassles.

Front 3

the 2 stress hormones, stress moderating hormone, and where they come from

Back 3

epinephrine and norepinephrine, oxytocin, adrenal glands.

Front 4

general adaption syndrome

Back 4

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Front 5

psychophysiological illness

Back 5

any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and headaches.

Front 6

pyschoneuroimmunology

Back 6

study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

Front 7

4 types of cells that are active in immune system

Back 7

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells.

Front 8

why are you more vulnerable to illness while under stress

Back 8

stress response divert energy from disease-fighting immune system and send it to your muscles and brain.

Front 9

coronary heart disease

Back 9

the clogging of vessels that nourish heart muscle.

type A are more prone than type B

Front 10

Type A vs Type B

Back 10

competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

vs

easygoing, relaxed people

Front 11

4 consequences of persistent stressors

Back 11

unhealthy behaviors, automatic nervous system effects, immune suppression, heart disease.

Front 12

problem-focused coping vs emotion-focused coping

Back 12

alleviating stress directly - by changing stressor or the way we interact with the stressor

vs

alleviating stressor by avoiding or ignoring stressor and attending to emotional needs related to ones reaction

Front 13

3 factors that affect ability to cope with stress

Back 13

perceived control, optimism and healthy, and social support.

Front 14

3 factors that reduce stress

Back 14

aerobic exercise, relaxation and mediation, and faith communities and health

Front 15

personality

Back 15

individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling ,and acting.

Front 16

psychodynamic theories

Back 16

views personality with a focus on unconscious and importance of childhood experiences.

Front 17

free association

Back 17

method of exploring unconscious in which person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind.

Front 18

psychoanalysis

Back 18

Freud, attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.

Front 19

unconscious

Back 19

Freud, reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.

Front 20

Freud's personality structure

Back 20

our efforts to resolve conflict between impulse and restraint.

Front 21

id vs superego vs ego

Back 21

what we want to do vs what we should do vs balance between the two

Front 22

Freud's 5 psychosexual stages

Back 22

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Front 23

Oedipus conflict

Back 23

boy's sexual desires towards mother and feelings of jealousy/hate for father.

Front 24

identification

Back 24

process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their own developing superegos.

Front 25

fixation

Back 25

lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

Front 26

defense mechanism

Back 26

ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Front 27

repression

Back 27

basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing things.

underlies all other defense mechanisms.

Front 28

how do neo-Freudians differ from Freud

Back 28

more emphasis on conscious mind's role.

Front 29

collective unconscious

Back 29

Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.

Front 30

projective test

Back 30

personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.

ex. Rorschach inkblot test.

Front 31

terror-management theory

Back 31

a theory of death-related anxiety, explores responses to reminder of impending death.

Front 32

humanistic theories

Back 32

view personality with a focus on potential for healthy personal growth.

Front 33

self-actualization

Back 33

Maslow, ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved.

Front 34

Rogers' 3 conditions of growth-promoting climate

Back 34

genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.

Front 35

unconditional positive regard

Back 35

attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

Front 36

self-concept

Back 36

all our thoughts and feeling about ourselves.

is positive when actual-self and ideal-self are the same.

Front 37

attribution theory

Back 37

theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

Front 38

fundamental attribution theory

Back 38

tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Front 39

peripheral route persuasion vs central route persuasion

Back 39

when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as speaker's attractiveness.

vs

when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Front 40

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Back 40

tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Front 41

role

Back 41

set of expectations about a social position, person strived to follow the social prescriptions.

Front 42

cognitive dissonance theory

Back 42

they that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.

when attitude and actions clash, we change attitude to reduce dissonance.

Front 43

automatic mimcry

Back 43

when humans take on the emotional tones of those around us.

helps us to emphasize.

Front 44

normative social influence

Back 44

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Front 45

informational social influence

Back 45

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Front 46

when is obedience highest (3)

Back 46

person giving orders is close at hand and legit authoritative figure supported by prestigious institution.

victim depersonalized/distanced.

no role models for defiance.

Front 47

social facilitation

Back 47

stronger responses on simple/well-learned task in presence of others.

Front 48

social loafing

Back 48

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Front 49

deindividualization

Back 49

loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Front 50

group polarization

Back 50

enhancement of group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within a group.

Front 51

groupthink

Back 51

mode of thinking that occurs when desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

fed by overconfidence, conformity, self-justification, and group polarization.

Front 52

minority influence

Back 52

power of one or two individuals to sway majorities.

Front 53

prejudice

Back 53

unjustifiable and negative attitude toward a group.

mixture of beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action.

can be overt, subtle, or unconscious.

Front 54

stereotype

Back 54

overgeneralized belief about a group of people.

Front 55

discrimination

Back 55

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group.

Front 56

just-world phenomenon

Back 56

tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Front 57

ingroup vs outgroup

Back 57

us, people with whom we share a common identity.

vs

them, those perceived as different from our ingroup.

Front 58

scapegoat theory

Back 58

theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Front 59

other-race effect

Back 59

tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races.

Front 60

aggression

Back 60

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt/destroy.

Front 61

social roots of prejudice (2)

Back 61

social inequalities

ingroup vs outgroup

Front 62

emotional roots of prejudice (1)

Back 62

scapegoat theory

Front 63

cognitive roots of prejudice (2)

Back 63

forming categories

remembering vivid cases

Front 64

3 biological influences of aggression

Back 64

genes, neurons, and biochemicals

Front 65

frustration-aggression principle

Back 65

principle that frustration creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Front 66

psychological and social-cultural factors in aggression (30

Back 66

aversive events, reinforcement/modeling, media

Front 67

social script

Back 67

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Front 68

violence-viewing effect

Back 68

observing tv violence tends to desensitize people to cruelty and prime them to respond aggressively when provoked.

Front 69

mere exposure effect

Back 69

phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Front 70

3 ingredients for liking someone

Back 70

proximity, attractiveness, and similarity.

Front 71

reward theory of attraction

Back 71

we will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us, and we will continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs.

Front 72

passionate vs companionate love

Back 72

aroused state of intense positive absorption in another

vs

deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Front 73

equity

Back 73

condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Front 74

self-disclosure

Back 74

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

Front 75

3 keys to gratifying and enduring relationship

Back 75

equity, self-disclosure, and positive support.

Front 76

altruism

Back 76

unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Front 77

3 things that must happen for a people to help

Back 77

notice the incident, interpret it as an emergency, and assume responsibility.

Front 78

bystander effect

Back 78

tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Front 79

diffusion of responsibility

Back 79

when more people share responsibility for helping and any single people is less likely to help.

Front 80

social exchange theory

Back 80

theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Front 81

reciprocity norm

Back 81

expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Front 82

social-responsibilty norm

Back 82

expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.

Front 83

conflict

Back 83

perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Front 84

social trap

Back 84

situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Front 85

mirror-image perceptions

Back 85

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the there side as evil and aggressive.

Front 86

superordinate goals

Back 86

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Front 87

GRIT

Back 87

graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.

Front 88

psychological disorder

Back 88

deviant, stressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts/feelings/behaviors.

Front 89

medical model

Back 89

concept for psych. disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treat, and cured.

Front 90

biological influences of psych. disorder (3)

Back 90

evolution, individual genes, brain structure/chemistry.

Front 91

psychological influences of psych. disorder (4)

Back 91

stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions/memories.

Front 92

social-cultural influences of psych. disorder (3)

Back 92

roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder.

Front 93

DSM-IV-TR

Back 93

widely used system for classifying psych. disorders.

Front 94

3 benefits of labels

Back 94

communicate about their cases, comprehend underlying causes, and discern treatment.

Front 95

3 negatives of labels

Back 95

self-fulfilling prophecy, create preconceptions, stereotypes/stigma.

Front 96

who is most vulnerable to psych. disorders?

at what times of life do they strike?

Back 96

answer varies with disorder.

poverty is one predictor.

usually early adulthood.

Front 97

anxiety disorder

Back 97

characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

Front 98

generalized anxiety disorder

Back 98

person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Front 99

panic disorder

Back 99

marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terrors and accompanying chest pain, choking ,or other frightening sensations.

Front 100

phobia

Back 100

persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object/activity/situation.

Front 101

obssesive-compulsive disorder

Back 101

unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

Front 102

post-traumatic stress disorder

Back 102

haunting memories/nightmares/social withdrawal/jumpy anxiety/insomnia that lingers for 4+ weeks after traumatic experience.

Front 103

agoraphobia

Back 103

fear of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes.

Front 104

post-traumatic growth

Back 104

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

Front 105

learning perspective of anxiety (3)

Back 105

fear conditioning (stimulus generalization & reinforcement), observational learning, cognition (interpretations & beliefs).

Front 106

biological perspective of anxiety (3)

Back 106

natural selection (fears came from evolution), genes (neurotransmitters), the brain (amygdala & anterior cingulate cortex).

Front 107

mood disorder

Back 107

psych. disorder characterized by emotional extremes.

Front 108

major depressive disorder

Back 108

person experiences, in the absence of drugs, 2+ weeks of significantly depressed moods or diminished interest in most activities, along with 4+ other symptoms.

Front 109

mania

Back 109

mood disorder marked by hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

Front 110

bipolar disorder

Back 110

person alternated between hopeless and lethargy of depression and overexcited state of mania.

Front 111

how to cure major depressive disorder?

Back 111

most episodes self-terminate.

Front 112

biological perspective on mood disorders (2)

Back 112

genetic (heritability), brain (activity changes during depression/mania).

Front 113

social-cognitive perspective on mood disorders (2)

Back 113

self-defeating beliefs (learned helplessness), negative explanatory style (who/what they blame).

Front 114

rumination

Back 114

staying focused on a problem, to overthink, can cause depression.

Front 115

4 steep cycle of depressed thinking

Back 115

stressful experience, neg. explanatory style, depressed mood, cognitive/behavioral changes.

Front 116

schizophrenia

Back 116

group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and behaviors.

Front 117

pyschosis

Back 117

person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.

Front 118

delusions

Back 118

false beliefs, often of persecution and grandeur, that many accompany psychotic disorders.

Front 119

cataonia

Back 119

when a person remains motionless for hours and then becomes agitated.

Front 120

positive vs negative symptom

Back 120

presence of inappropriate behaviors

vs

absence of appropriate behaviors

Front 121

can you recover from schizophrenia?

Back 121

chronic/slow-developing - no

acute - more likely

Front 122

hormonal abnormality of schiz.

Back 122

hyperactive dopamine system

Front 123

abnormal brain activity of schiz.

Back 123

low activity in frontal lobe, smaller cortex/corpus.

Front 124

dissociative disorder

Back 124

conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories/thoughts/feelings.

Front 125

dissociative identity disorder

Back 125

person exhibits 2+ distinct and alternating personalities.

Front 126

personality disorder

Back 126

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

Front 127

antisocial personality disorder

Back 127

person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family.

impulsive and feel/fear little.

Front 128

anorexia nervousa

Back 128

eating disorder, person maintains a starvation diet despite being sig. underweight.

Front 129

bulimia nervousa

Back 129

eating disorder, person alternates binge eating with purging/fasting.

marked by fluctuations in weight.

Front 130

binge-eating disorder

Back 130

significant binge-eatng episodes, followed by distress/disgust/guilt, without compensatory purging or fasting.

Front 131

trait

Back 131

characteristic pattern of behaviors and conscious motives.

Front 132

personality inventory

Back 132

questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors.

Front 133

MMPI

Back 133

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory, most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests.

Front 134

empirically derived test

Back 134

test developed by testing a pool of items and them selecting those that discriminate between groups.

Front 135

what are the BIG FIVE?

Back 135

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.

Front 136

person-situation controversy

Back 136

our behavior is influenced by interaction of our inner disposition with our environment.

Front 137

social-cognitive perspective

Back 137

views behaviors as influenced by interaction between people's traits and their social context.

Bandura.

Front 138

reciprocal determinism

Back 138

interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

Front 139

personal control

Back 139

extent to which how we perceive control over our environment.

Front 140

external vs internal locus of control

Back 140

perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

vs

perception that you control your own fate

Front 141

is internal or external better?

Back 141

internal is better at delaying gratification and coping with various stressors.

Front 142

biological influences of personality (3)

Back 142

genes, automatic nervous system activity, brain activity.

Front 143

psychological influences of personality (3)

Back 143

learned responses, unconscious thought processes, expectations and interpretations.

Front 144

social-cultural influences of personality (4)

Back 144

childhood experiences, influence of situation, cultural expectations, social support.

Front 145

self-control

Back 145

ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.

Front 146

learned helplessness

Back 146

hopelessness and passive resignation an animal/human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

Front 147

best means of predicting future behavior?

Back 147

the person's past behavior patterns in similar situations.

Front 148

self

Back 148

center of personality, organizer of our thoughts, feelings and actions.

Front 149

spotlight effect

Back 149

overestimating others' notching and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders.

Front 150

self-esteem

Back 150

one's feelings of high or low self-worth.

Front 151

self-serving bias

Back 151

readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

Front 152

narcissism

Back 152

excessive self-love and self-absorption.

Front 153

defensive vs secure self-esteem

Back 153

fragile, focuses on sustaining itself

vs

less fragile, less contingent on external evaluations