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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four types of EEGs? |
Beta, Alpha, Theta, and Delta |
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What are Beta waves associated with? |
Alertness - frantic, random fluctuations |
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What are Alpha waves associated with? |
Relaxed, meditating - high/low patterns |
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What are Theta waves associated with? |
Drowsiness/Light Sleep - slow random, fluctuation |
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What are Delta waves associated with? |
Deep sleep - large peaks & valleys |
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What is the EEG of the first sleep stage? |
Alpha increase until Theta |
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What is the EEG of the second sleep stage? |
Theta continues, spindle & K complex start |
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What is the EEG of the third sleep stage? |
Delta join Theta |
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What is the EEG of the fourth sleep stage? |
Almost all Delta waves |
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What is the EEG of the fifth sleep stage? |
chaotic EEG waves |
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What is REM sleep associated with? |
Vivid dreaming, chaotic EEG, motor signal blocked, genital engorgement |
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What are some possible functions of dreams? |
Allows us to to solve problems and rehearse actions. |
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At what stage of sleep do sleep walkers wake up in? |
Stage 3 or 4 |
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What are some causes of nightmares? |
Stress |
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What part of the brain causes night terrors? |
The sudden activation of the AMYGDAA |
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What is NARCOLEPSY? |
The sudden entering in and out of REM sleep. |
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What causes NARCOLEPSY? |
The auto-immune destruction of cells that produce HYPOCRETIN |
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What is HYPNOSIS? |
A state of mind associated with heightened susceptibility, related to the PLACEBO effect. |
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What can hypnosis do? |
Encourage them to do actions they would have done anyways, plant false memories, decrease pain response, reduce blood pressure, morning sickness, phobias, sexual dysfunction. |
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What can't hypnosis do? |
Get people to do actions they morally oppose, improve memory, increase strength. |
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What are the four classes of psychoactive drugs? |
NARCOTICS, DEPRESSANTS, STIMULANTS< HALLUCINOGENICS |
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What do NARCOTICS do? |
Induce sleep and pain relief |
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What do DEPRESSANTS do? |
Slow physiology |
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What do STIMULANTS do? |
quicken physiology |
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What do HALLUCINOGENS do? |
Cause experiences and sensations w/no physiological basis |
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What are NARCOTICS? |
Alkaloids from opium. Cause DOPAMINE release in the NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS and ENDORPHINS in the spinal cord. |
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What are some common STIMULANTS? |
COCAINE, AMPHETAMINES, CAFFEINE and NICOTINE. |
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What does COCAINE cause? |
Strong high followed by paranoia, depression, and nasal erosion. |
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What do AMPHETAMINES cause? |
w/drawal leads to depression and fatigue.
PSYCHOSIS similar to schizophrenia |
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What does caffeine cause? |
Alertness, higher blood pressure, heart rate, mild paranoia, jitters, and mild w/drawal |
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What does NICTOINE cause? |
Releases DOPAMINE in NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS. |
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What are some common DEPRESSANTS? |
ALCOHOL, ROHYPHNOL, GHB |
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At what BAC is your driving affected? |
.04% |
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At what BAC is your ability to assess risk compromised? |
.06% |
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Where is GHB commonly abused? |
Body building, overdose is easy. |
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What are some common PSYCHEDELICS? |
LSD, PEYOTE, MUSHROOMS, MDMA, and CANNABIS |
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What does LSD, PEYOTE, and MUSHROOMS do? |
dramatic sensory distortions, powerful emotional feelings, (psilocybin) spiritual feelings. |
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What does CANNABIS do? |
Dreamy relaxed sensation, sense of well-being, and euphoria.
- reduces alzheimers in ALZHEIMER'S PATIENTS |
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What is NON-ASSOCIATIVE learning |
HABITUATION & SENSITIZATION - repeated stimuli leads to ignoring or heightened awareness |
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What is CLASSICAL CONDITIONING? |
PAIRING a neural stimulus with an US that produces an UR leads to the neural stimulus to become CS that leads to a CR. |
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What are two methods to undo CLASSICAL CONDITIONING? |
FLOODING & SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION |
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How quickly does FLOODING work? |
works within 2 hours |
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What was removed during PATIENT HM's surgery? |
Had MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOB & HIPPOCAMPUS removed to control seizures. |
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What happened after PATIENT HM's surgery? |
Lost ability to store new explicit (episodic & semantic) memories.
Procedural memories remained intect |
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What is REPETITION PRIMING? |
Brief exposures allow us to recall details better, even if only years earlier |
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What is the SERIAL POSITION EFFECT? |
PRIMACY - First couple things you encounter in a long list are usually the only ones that get transferred to long term memory.
RECENCY - Last few things are remembered because they're still in the short-term memory |
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What is RECONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY? |
Memory is composed of only a few details from the actual event. |
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Why is EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY usually unreliable? |
Because it relies heavily on RECONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY. |
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What are the SEVEN SINS of MEMORY? |
TRANSIENCE - fading childhood memory ABSENTMINDEDNESS - non-attentive BLOCKING - recall difficulty MISATTRIBUTION - Reagan movie SUGGESTIBILITY - overwritten by new info BIAS - current feelings v previous attitudes PERSISTENCE - unwanted memories |
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At what age do ISOLATED IMAGES tend to be remembered? |
3 |
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At what age do COHERENT MEMORIES start forming |
4 |
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What are some differences between REAL and FALSE memories? |
FALSE - vague details at first then more detail over time.
REAL - trigger causes memories to flood back all at once. |
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What are some MEMORY BIASES? |
EGOCENTRIC BIAS - improving over time.
CONSISTENCY BIAS - rewrite past in accordance with current feelings. |
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Why might FORGETTING memories and detail be important? |
Lets go of useless facts. Precise detail often isn't important. |
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What is KAHNEMAN's 2-SYSTEM THEORY? |
IMPLICIT and EXPLICITY LEARNING.
IMPLICIT happens through simple association, intuitive and automatic
EXPLICIT happens through though, takes concentration |
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What is PREPAREDNESS in relationship to classical conditioning? |
we are more likely to associate certain things with the negative.
e.g. fear of dark, snakes, taste |
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What is OPERANT CONDITIONING? |
REINFORCING increases likelihood of behavior happening again.
PUNISHMENT decreases likelihood of behavior happening again. |
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What are the different types of REINFORCEMENT? |
POSITIVE - makes behavior more likely when brought (money, praise)
NEGATIVE - makes behavior more likely when removed (pain, fear) |
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What technique is used to train animals? |
SHAPING - reinforcing successively closer approximations of the desired behavior |
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What is SHAPING? |
Reinforcing successively closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
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What are different types of REINFORCEMENT schedules? |
FIXED RATIO VARIABLE RATIO FIXED INTERVAL FIXED DURATION |
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What are the pros and cons of FIXED-RATIO REINFORCEMENT? |
HIGH rates of responding, with let-up after ratio has been achieved |
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What are the results of VARIABLE-RATIO REINFORCEMENT? |
High responding, no let-up ever. |
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What are the results of FIXED-INTERVAL REINFORCEMENT? |
No response until just before the next reinforcement is due. |
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What are the results of FIXED DURATION REINFORCEMENT? |
Steady but not rapid response. |
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What REINFORCEMENT is the hardest to break and why? |
VARIABLE-RATIO REINFORCEMENT because of the gamblers fallacy. |
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What are the types of PUNISHMENTs? |
POSITIVE - reduce a behavior when brought to an organism. (spanking)
NEGATIVE - reduces a behavior when removed from an organism. (taking away Nintendo) |
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Punishments ONLY work when |
IMMEDIATE MODERATELY SEVERE UNAVOIDABLE
and accompanied by EXPLANATION and ALTERNATE BEHAVIOR |
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Why do some people ignore credit card debt or tobacco use despite the punishments being VERY severe. |
It's not immediate. |
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Why aren't all AVERSIVE stimuli punishments? |
They can be avoided or there is no alternative. |
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What are some unintended side-effects of punishments? |
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING - punisher becomes aversive.
PHYSICAL or PHYSIOLOGICAL damage to organism.
Inspires REBELLION and RETALIATION. |
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What is the difference between NATURAL and LOGICAL punishments. |
NATURAL - natural outcome of behavior LOGICAL - may not occur normally, but sensible result of a behavior |
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What results were learned from TOLMAN's EXPERIMENTS? |
When rewards start half-way results are as good as rewards all the way.
When rewards stop half-way results are as poor as no rewards ever. |
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What is INSTINCTIVE DRIFT? |
It is VERY difficult to condition a response CONTRADICTORY to an instinctual response.
It is VERY easy to condition a response that is SIMILAR to an instinctual response. |
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What is OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING? |
Humans can learn by watching others |
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How does MIRROR NEURONS work? |
Fires regardless of whether it is us or others who performs an action. |
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What is the link between media violence and human behavior? |
STRONG association with aggressive thoughts, emotion, and behavior
WEAKER association with actual violence.
May be an ESCAPEMENT or a REINFORCEMENT |
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What are the THREE memory processes? |
ENCODING, STORING, and RETRIEVAL |
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What is the ATKINSON-SHIFFRIN Model? |
Environment -> SENSORY-attention-> SHORT-TERM -elaboration-> LONG-TERM -retrieval-> SHORT-TERM |
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How long does SHORT-TERM memory last? |
~20 seconds w/out rehearsal |
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How many chunks of data can you fit in your short-term memory |
7 +/- 2 |
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How long does LONG-TERM memory last? |
Decades |
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How is long-term memory encoded? |
SEMANTIC MEANING, logical language chunks & facts |
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What process keeps thing in SHORT-TERM memory? |
MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL |
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What process moves things from SHORT-TERM to LONG-TERM memory? |
ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL |
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What are the major regions of the brain? |
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Cerebellum, Temporal |
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What does the frontal lobe do? |
Back - controls motor cortex
Front, back, motor memories
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What does the pre-frontal lobe do? |
Planning, impulse control, abstract thinking. |
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What does the Parietal lobe do? |
Somatosensory complex.
Also memories for how things feel (spatial memories). |
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What does the Occipital lobe do? |
Contains the visual cortex.
Also encodes for visual memories. |
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What does the temporal lobe do? |
Auditory cortex.
Auditory memories.
Also contains Wernicke's area, speech & language understanding. |
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What are some practical tips for studying? |
Do recall practice or testing
Do spaced-practice
Tie things to what you already know |
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What is CONTEXT DEPENDENT LEARNING and why is it important in school? |
Being in the same room or context can help jarr memories. It's important because you do better if you take the test in the same condition you study. |
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What is STATE DEPENDENT LEARNING and why might it be important for Therapy? |
Memory is better when you are in the same physical and emotional state as when they occurred. |
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What is FLASHBULB Memory? |
Highly vivid memories with great amount of detail associated with shocking/traumatic events. |
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What is EXPLICIT memory? |
Memory associated with facts, information, and events |
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What are the types of EXPLICIT memory? |
EPISODIC and SEMANTIC |
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What is EPISODIC memory? |
A type of EXPLICIT memory, records events in a chronological order w/lots of facts |
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What is SEMANTIC memory? |
A type of EXPLICIT memory, records facts, info, and data |
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Who was PATIENT KC? |
Patient KC had temporal/frontal lobe damage which caused them to lose episodic memory. |
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What is PROCEDURAL memory? |
A type of implicit memory, aka muscle memory
Memory for how to do things involving motor learning and skills.
Retained for a long time |
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How are EXTRAORDINARY MEMORIES formed? |
extensive use of ASSOCIATION w/prodigous use of VERBAL/PICTORAL memories |
