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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
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Learning
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He viewed pyschology as an objective science and believed in behaviorism
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John B. Watson
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When our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence it is called ____
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Association
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What is it called when a seal learns to expect a snack for its showy antics?
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Associative Learning
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Russian physician that studied classical conditioning
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Ivan Pavlov
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Describe the Pavlov dog experiment
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UCS = food
UCR = salivation Neutral Stimulus = Tone (during conditioning) N.S + UCS = UCR (after conditioning) CS (tone) = CR (salivation) |
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Stimulus that automatically and naturally triggers a response
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UCS
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Unlearned, naturally occuring response to the UCS
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UCR
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Originally, irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an UCS comes to trigger a CR
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CS
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A learned response to a previously neutral CS
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CR
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The phase associating a neutral stimulus with an UCS so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a CR
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Acquisition
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When a UCS does not follow a CS or the diminishing of a CR
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Extinction
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Reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR
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Spontaneous Recovery
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Tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses
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Generalization
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The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS
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Discrimination
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Type of learning in which behavior is strenthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
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Operant Conditioning
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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
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Law of Effect
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Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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Reinforcer
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Operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward a closer apporiximations of a desired goal
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Shaping
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Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
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Fixed Ratio (FR)
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Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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Variable Ratio (VR)
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Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
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Fixed Interval (FI)
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Reinforces a response at unpredictable times
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Variable Interval (VI)
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Aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows
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Punishment
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Persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
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Memory
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A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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Flashbulb Memory
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The process of information into the memory system
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Encoding
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The retention of encoded information over time
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Storage
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Process of getting information out of memory
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Retrieval
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The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
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Sensory Memory
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This type of memory focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
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Working Memory
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Activated memory that holds a few items briefly
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Short-Term Memory
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The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
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Long-Term Memory
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Unconscious encoding of incidental information
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Automatic Processing
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Proccess that requires attention and conscious effort
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Effortful Processing
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Conscious repetition of information
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Rehearsal
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_________ used nonsense syllables so that the more he practived on Day 1, the fewer to re-learn on Day 2
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Ebbinghaus
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Distributed practice yields better long-term retention than massed practice
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Spacing Effect
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Organizing items into familiar, manageable units
(acronyms, horizontal org.) |
Chunking
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A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
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Iconic Memory
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Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
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Echoic Memory
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The loss of memory
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Amnesia
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Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
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Explicit Memory
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Neutral center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
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Hippocampus
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Measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
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Recall
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Measure of memory in which the person has only to identify items previously learned
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Recognition
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Memory measure that assessed the amount of time saved when learning material a second time
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Relearning
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Activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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Priming
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Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood
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Mood-congruent Memory
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A method of assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
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Intelligence test
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The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
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Intelligence
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A measure of intelligence test performance / chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
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Mental age
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Widely used American revision of Binet's originial intelligence test
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Stanford-Binet
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Defined originally the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100
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IQ
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Statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test
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Factor Analysis
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Condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
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Savant Syndrome
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The know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
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Social Intelligence
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Ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
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Emotional Intelligence
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The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
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Creativity
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What is the most widely used intelligence test?
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WAIS
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A test designed to predict a person's future performance
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Aptitude Test
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A test designed to assess what a person has learned
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Achievement Test
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Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
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Standardization
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The symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
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Normal Curve
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