Psych Exam 3

Front 1

Cognition

Back 1

mental activities and processes associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information

Front 2

Concept

Back 2

mental grouping of similar objects, events, states, ideas, and people. Formed by prototypes which are mental images of the best example of a concept

Front 3

Trail and error

Back 3

trying various possible solutions and if it fails trying others

Front 4

Algorithims

Back 4

step by step strategy that leads to solution; methodically

Front 5

Heuristics

Back 5

short-cut, generates a solution quickly (possibly in error)

Front 6

Insight

Back 6

a sudden realization, a leap forward in thinking that leads to solution

Front 7

Confirmation bias

Back 7

searching for information to confirm your current thinking, ignoring all other evidence

Front 8

Fixation

Back 8

one-way thinking; inability to see a problem from a new perspective

Front 9

Mental Set

Back 9

tendency to approach problems using a mindset that has worked previously

Front 10

Availability Heuristic

Back 10

when we estimate the likely hood of an event based on how much it stand out in our mind -- gambling, casinos entice with bells and lights signaling small wins making them memorable while keeping big losses soundlessly invisible

Front 11

Weighted attention

Back 11

of the many experiences available to us in forming our judgments, we tend to give more weight to

Front 12

Overconfidence Error

Back 12

tendency to be more confident than correct

Front 13

Belief perseverance error

Back 13

tendency to hold onto beliefs when facing contrary evidence ("My mind is made up, don't confuse me with the facts")

Front 14

Framing

Back 14

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can affect decisions and judgments (10% of people die in surgery/// 90% survive surgery)

Front 15

Critical period of language

Back 15

important to being immediately; if no language is began by age 7 language might not ever develop

Front 16

Receptive language

Back 16

0-4 months; associating sounds with facial movements; recognizing when sounds are broken into words; cooing

Front 17

Productive Language

Back 17

4 months; babbling in multilingual sounds and gestures

Front 18

Babbling sounds more like household language

Back 18

10 months

Front 19

One word stage

Back 19

12 months; understanding and beginning to say nouns

Front 20

Two word stage

Back 20

18-24 months adding verbs, making sentences but missing words

Front 21

2+years

Back 21

speaking full sentences and understanding complex sentences

Front 22

linguistic determinism

Back 22

the idea that our specific language determines how we think (if we didn't have past tense verbs, it'd be difficult to think about the past)

Front 23

Bilingual Advantage

Back 23

numerous brain connections and neural networks; ability to suppress one language while learning the other; resisting distraction; inhibiting impulses, color perception, personality differences

Front 24

Intelligence

Back 24

whatever intelligence tests measure; ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Front 25

Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory (8)

Back 25

logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, interpersonal, naturalist, and linguistic

Front 26

Sternberg's Intelligence Triarchy

Back 26

Practical Intelligence - expertise and talent that help to complete complex everyday life challenges

Analytical Intelligence - solving a well defined problem with a single answer

Creative Intelligence - generating new ideas to adapt to novel situations

Front 27

Factors in success

Back 27

wealth tends to be related to intelligence scores, focused daily effort, social support and connections, and hard work

Front 28

Creative environment

Back 28

having support, feedback, encouragement, and time and space to think

Front 29

Venturesome personality

Back 29

tend to seek out new experiences despite risk and obstacles

Front 30

Intrinsic motivation

Back 30

enjoying the pursuit of interests and challenge without needing external reward

Front 31

Expertise

Back 31

Possessing a well developed base of knowledge

Front 32

Imaginative thinking

Back 32

having the ability to see new perspectives, combinations, and connections

Front 33

Strategies to improve creativity

Back 33

pursue interest until you develop expertise, allow time for incubation, allow time for mental wandering, experience other cults and ways of thinking

Front 34

Reasons for assessing intelligence

Back 34

to study how and why people differ in ability; match strengths and weaknesses to jobs and school programs; help survival of the fittest process

Front 35

Aptitude Tests

Back 35

attempts to predict your ability to learn new skills

Front 36

Achievement Tests

Back 36

measure what you have already learned

Front 37

Standardized

Back 37

defining the meaning of scores based on a comparison with the performance of others

Front 38

Reliable

Back 38

generates consistent results

Front 39

Valid

Back 39

accurately measures what its supposed to measure

Front 40

Fluid Intelligence

Back 40

refers to ability to think quickly and abstractly

Front 41

Crystallized Intelligence

Back 41

refers to accumulated wisdom, knowledge, expertise, and vocabulary. ---- increases over time