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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are Motives?
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Biological and Social
Desires, wants, interests that propel people in certain directions. Sex. Self Defense. BELONGING. |
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Emotion
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A subjective conscious experience. It is cognitive, behavioral and physiological.
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cognitive appraisal
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happy thoughts, feeling accepted
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expressive behavior
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smiling, smile muscles are twitching, eye contact
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physiological processes
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relaxation, low heart rate, cortisol (stress increase hormone), high levels of serotonin
-this system is there to respond to threats and opportunities - NOT ASSOCIATED WITH THOUGHT |
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Biological determinants of sexuality
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Monozygotic twins are 2-5X more likely to share sexuality compared to fraternal twins
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Hormonal influences on Sexuality-
DES exposure |
in the late 60s androgens in uterus would make pregnant women's daughters more likely to be lesbians
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Birth Order's effect on sexuality
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they have lower levels of testosterone because their mother has become immune to androgens
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sexual fluidity: is it more possible for men or women?
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Sexual fluidity is more likely for women because of a combination of genetics and socialization
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Exotic/Erotic
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-We are hardwired to find things that are exotic to be erotic
-Encourages us to have sex with someone who is genetically different from us |
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Determinants of Sexuality in Childhood
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1) Childhood temperaments (aggression, activity level)
2) Sex-Typical/ Atypical activity and playmate preference (gender conformity/ nonconformity) 3) Feeling different from opposite/ same-sex peers 4) Biological variable (genes, prenatal hormones) 5) Non-specific autonomic arousal to opposite/ same-sex peers 6) Erotic/ Romantic attraction to opposite/same-sex persons |
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Misattribution of Arousal
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We use situational cues to determine the cause of physiological arousal:
. look to situation for explanation . find boys exotic and connect with arousal - turned on or angry . Heart is pumping, blood is racing . Men more likely to call woman because their <3 was racing on a shaky bridge. Misattributed heart rate to erotic/ romantic nature of encounter with the woman. |
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-Opponent Process
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Mechanism for maintaining equilibrium
(extremes in one direction are counteracted by a converse reaction) . exhaustion after a run met with endorphins . sad story met with laughter . adjust to negative and experience a positive |
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Non-determinants of happiness (5)
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1) wealth
2) beauty 3) race 4) age 5) gender |
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people that help others are typically more _______.
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happy
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Eastern European countries and North America are the _________ (happiest/saddest) and the richest.
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happiest
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Japan is rich and ____________ (unhappy/ happy)
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unhappy.
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Habituation
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Once you've already had something, the second time around isn't as good.
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Hedonic treadmill
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because we adjust to stimuli, we need higher and higher levels of a stimulus to get the same kick
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Durability Bliss
(example?) |
we overestimate the duration of affective responses to future events
ex: a break up. I'm NEVER gonna get over you! |
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Inaccurate theories
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we are often wrong about what will make us happy.
To quote Ms. Lauryn Hill: See, I thought this feeling It was all that I had But how could this be love And make me feel so bad? |
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Determinants of happiness
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genes, close relationships, involvement in something bigger than yourself (such as religion)
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Flow
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being in the zone, loss of self-consciousness, time-altered, challenges=skills, clear goals=immediate feedback, worthwhile, concentration
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Hormones at Birth...attachment
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Oxytocin- hormone related to lactation, maternal care-giving behavior, and pair-bonding. Released during labor, therefore given to both child and mother
Noradrenalin- released to keep mother awake to bond and take care of the child |
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Attachment theory
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strong, long-lasting emotional tie
- infants form emotional attachments quickly - emotional attachments predict social adjustment in childhood - emotional attachments form blueprint for relationships later in life |
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Attachment styles
(Bowlby's OG 3 group model) |
Secure- 56% (individual trusts, has self respect, does not fear abandonment)
Avoidant- 25% (individual suppresses need for attachment, avoids closeness) Anxious- 19% (individual clings to need for attachment, fears abandonment) |
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Strange Situation
Mother and baby in room Stranger Enters Mother leaves Mother returns Stranger and Mother Leave Mother returns |
Used to gauge the attachment styles of infants
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Attributions
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How we explain the causes of people's behavior
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Internal Attributions
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You attribute the behavior to something about the person
(I'm asleep in class because I am narcoleptic) |
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External Attributions
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You attribute the behavior to anyone/ anything else
(She's asleep in class because she was up all night) |
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Stable Attributions
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You assume the reason for the behavior will not change
Internal- I'm so dumb External- Physics is really hard |
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Unstable Attributions
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You assume the reason for the behavior can change something that CAN change
Internal-I didn't study enough External- The professor asked weird questions |
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Fundamental Attribution error
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Tendency to overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of the situation
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Actor-Observer difference
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Tendency to see others' behavior as internally caused, but our own behavior as externally caused
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Attributional biases
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We attribute different attributional rules to friends than we do to enemies:
. friends' good actions are seen as internal, and bad actions seen as external . enemies' good actions are seen as external and bad actions seen as internal |
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Ingroup/ Outgroup bias
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We tend to favor those within our in-group. When self-esteem is challenged we can boost it by highlighting our own group's superiority. When someone makes you feel bad about yourself, you pay it forward to a different outgroup to bolster your own confidence.
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Social identity Theory
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personal identity + social identities = your identity
Therefore, we need to think highly of the groups we belong to. |
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Minimal group paradigm
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people in random groups will allocate money in a discriminatory way within their own ingroup
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Social learning theory, effect on children
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monkey see, monkey do
after children see adults beat the **** out of a bobo doll, they do it too |
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informational social influence
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we learn by watching others, even in the absence of reward or punishment
- in ambiguous situations, we look to others for clues - we conform to be liked and accepted |
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Altruism
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pro-social behavior
-behavior that benefits another individual or society in general -supporting a friend or loved one -donating money or time -universal phenomenon |
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reciprocity norms
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technique charities will use to make you want to give back
- free gift from a charity= bigger donations |
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responsibility norm
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culture dictates that certain people need to be taken care of (in Western cultures, it is a norm for older siblings to care for younger ones)
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Aspects of a helper
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guilt- when you feel guilty you are more likely to do something altruistic to bolster your mood
positive mood- if you are given a gift, no matter the size, you want to help someone |
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Aspects of a victim
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Deserving?
- we help those who DESERVE help - ingroup members more likely to receive our help - women- they are less threatening, generally more gracious about receiving help. - attractive people |
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Belief in Just World
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Defensive attributions that assume bad things happen to bad people, good things happen to good people
. allows people to remain positive about their surroundings, feel safe |
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5 step decision model of helping
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1) Notice Event
2) Interpret as emergency - you have to decide it is an emergency - bystanders send mixed signals/ confusing info 3) take responsibility 4) decide how to help 5) provide help |
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Bystander effect
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the presence of others inhibits helping behavior!
. makes us less likely to notice . allows us to pretend we don't notice . exacerbate fears of appearing incompetent to go against a group is to say all of you are wrong and I AM RIGHT . it's embarrassing to mess up in front of other people |
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Diffusion of responsibility
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sense of responsibility decreases as number of witnesses to emergency increases
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pluralistic ignorance
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members of a group attribute actions of other members that are identical to their own to a different cause
- everyone wants the music to be turned down but no one says so, they assume everyone else is fine with it |
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IF YOU ARE VICTIM AND YOU NEED HELP!
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Single out one person, make eye contact, give them a direct command. Say something like, "I need YOUR help please come here and get this person off of me I don't know them!" This circumvents the diffusion of responsibility
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