Psych; Exam 3

Front 1

Into what two phases do psychologists often divide the way we experience the world?

Back 1

-Sensation
-Perception

Front 2

What is sensation?

Back 2

-The sense organs' detection of external stimuli, their responses to the stimuli, and the transmission of these responses to the brain.
(an elementary experience, such as color or motion without the more complex perceptual experience of the actual thing)

Front 3

What is perception?

Back 3

-The processing, organization, and integration of sensory signals; it results in a an internal representation of the stimulus.
(the essence of this is the construction of useful and meaningful information about a particular environment.)

Front 4

What is sensory coding?

Back 4

-The process of when our sensory organs translate the physical properties of stimuli into patterns of neural impulses.

Front 5

What is transduction?

Back 5

-A process by which sensory receptors produce neural impulses when they receive physical or chemical stimulation.

Front 6

What parts of the brain does sensory information get sent to?

Back 6

-First; the thalamus (which sends it to the cortex)
-then; cortex (where they're interpreted as sound, sight, touch, smell, or taste)

Front 7

What is qualitative information?

Back 7

-The most basic qualities of a stimulus
(like a difference in taste, or color, or sound)
(these sorts of differences are identified because different sensory receptors respond to qualitatively different stimuli)

Front 8

What is quantitative information?

Back 8

-The degree, or magnitude, of various qualities of a stimulus.
(like the volume of a sound or brightness of a color)
(coded by the rate of a particular neuron's firing)

Front 9

What does psychophysics do?

Back 9

-It examines our psychological experiences of physical stimuli.
(i.e. how much physical energy is required for our sense organs to detect a stimulus?)

Front 10

What is absolute threshold?

Back 10

-The minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation; the stimulus intensity you would detect more often than by chance
(i.e. threshold for hearing is the faintest sound a person can detect 50% of the time)

Front 11

What is a difference threshold?

Back 11

-The just noticeable difference between two stimuli; the minimum amount of change required for a person to detect a difference.

Front 12

What is Weber's Law?

Back 12

-The just noticeable difference between two stimuli is based on a proportion of the original stimulus rather than on a fixed amount amount of difference; (the more intense the stimulus, the bigger the change needed for you to notice)

Front 13

What is signal detection theory? (SDT)

Back 13

-A theory of perception based on the idea that the detection of a faint stimulus requires a judgement; it is not an all-or-none process.

Front 14

What are some of the different types of outcomes in research studies on signal detection?

Back 14

-Hit; signal is presented and the participant detects it
-Miss; participant fails to detect the signal
-False Alarm; participant "detects" a signal that was not presented
-Correct Rejection; signal is not presented and the participant does not detect it

Front 15

What is response bias?

Back 15

-A participant's tendency to report detecting the signal in an ambiguous trial.

Front 16

What is sensory adaptation?

Back 16

-A decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation.

Front 17

What is the cornea?

Back 17

-The clear outer covering of the eye
(the first thing light passes through; the cornea then focuses light and sends it to the lens)
(more light is focused here than at the lens)

Front 18

What is the lens of the eye?

Back 18

-The second thing light hits; bends light farther inward and is focused to form an image on the retina
(the lens is adjustable, the cornea is not)

Front 19

What is the retina?

Back 19

-The thin inner surface of the back of the eyeball, it contains the photoreceptors that transduce light into neural signals.
(the one part of the central nervous system that we can actually see)

Front 20

What is the pupil?

Back 20

*The small opening in the eye; it lets in light waves
-by contracting (closing) or dilating (opening), the pupil determines how much light enters the eye

Front 21

What is the iris?

Back 21

-The colored muscular circle on the surface of the eye; it changes shape to let in more or less light

Front 22

What does the process in the eye called "accommodation" do?

Back 22

-Where the muscles behind the iris flatten to focus on distant objects and thicken to focus on closer objects

Front 23

What are the two types of receptors in the retina?

Back 23

-Rods
-Cones
*their names come from their distinctive shapes

Front 24

What do rods do?

Back 24

-Retinal cells that respond to low levels of illumination and result in black-and-white perception
*respond to very low levels of illumination and are responsible primarily for night vision; they don't support color vision or resolve fine grain detail well

Front 25

What do cones do?

Back 25

-Retinal cells that respond to higher levels of illumination and result in color perception
*see color and detail

Front 26

What do photopigments do?

Back 26

-WIthin the rods and cones, light-sensitive chemicals initiate the transduction of light waves into electrical neural impulses

Front 27

What is the fovea?

Back 27

-The center of the retina, where cones are densely packed

Front 28

What are ganglion cells?

Back 28

-The first neurons in the visual pathway with axons
(send their signals along their axons from inside the eye to the thalamus)

Front 29

What is trichromatic theory?

Back 29

-It states that color vision results from activity in three different types of cones that are sensitive to different wavelengths.
(three types of cones are referred to as; S,M,L depending on if they correspond to short, medium, or long length waves)

Front 30

What determines our perception of different colors?

Back 30

-The ratio of activity among the three types of cone receptors
*however; certain perceptions of things aren't that simple, such as visualizing certain color mixtures

Front 31

What is the opponent-process theory?

Back 31

-How some colors appear to be "opposites"
(like how if you stare at a red image for a while, we see a green afterimage when we look away)
*due to 2nd stage in visual processing where ganglion cells take effect

Front 32

What three dimensions do we categorize color along?

Back 32

-Hue
-Saturation
-Brightness

Front 33

What is hue?

Back 33

-The distinctive characteristics that place a particular color in the spectrum
(i.e. the level of color will depend on the light's dominant wavelength when it reaches the eye)

Front 34

What is saturation?

Back 34

*A color's purity; the vividness of it's hue
(varies according to the unity of wavelengths in a stimulus or the mixture of those wavelengths.)

Front 35

What is brightness?

Back 35

*The color's perceived intensity, or luminance
-determined chiefly by the total amount of light reaching the eye

Front 36

What is lightness?

Back 36

-determined by the brightness of the stimulus relative to its surroundings
(two examples of the same color, with the same brightness, can differ in lightness)

Front 37

How is a color determined?

Back 37

-It is determined by the mixture of wavelengths from a stimulus
-depending on the stimulus, any given color can be produced through either the "subtractive" or the "additive" mixture of wavelengths

Front 38

What is subtractive color mixing?

Back 38

-A process of color mixing that occurs within the stimulus itself; a PHYSICAL, not psychological, process

Front 39

What are paint colors determined by?

Back 39

-Pigments; which are chemicals on the surface of objects
*color of pigments is determined by the wavelengths it does not absorb

Front 40

What is pigment determined by?

Back 40

-The wavelengths it does not absorb

Front 41

What are the subtractive primary colors?

Back 41

-red, yellow, and blue

Front 42

What is additive color mixing?

Back 42

-A process of color mixing that occurs when different wavelengths of light interact with the eye's receptors; a psychological process

Front 43

What is kinesthetic sense?

Back 43

-Perception of the positions in space and movements of our bodies and our limbs
-helps us coordinate voluntary movement and is valuable in helping to avoid injury

Front 44

What is vestibular sense?

Back 44

-Perception of balance
(uses information from receptors in the semicircular canals of the inner ear)
(explains why inner-ear infections or standing up quickly can make us dizzy)

Front 45

What are primary sensory areas?

Back 45

-Primary brain regions where information about taste, touch, hearing, smell, and vision are projected.
-info from each sense is projected separately from the thalamus to a specific region of the cerebral cortex

Front 46

What did Gestalt psychologists about perception?

Back 46

*They postulated a series of laws to explain how our brains group the perceived features of a visual scene into organized wholes
-They theorized that perception is more than the result of accumulating sensory data

Front 47

What is reversible figure illusion?

Back 47

*Those pictures where you can either see like a wine glass or two faces looking at each other; you can't see both at the same time though
-in identifying either figure, the brain assigns the rest of the scene to the background
-the figures periodically reverse

Front 48

What is the principle of proximity?

Back 48

-It states that the closer two figures are to each other, the more likely we are to group them and see them as part of the same object

Front 49

What is the principle of similarity?

Back 49

-We tend to group figures according to how closely they resemble each other, whether in shape, color, or orientation

Front 50

What is bottom-up processing?

Back 50

-A hierarchical model of pattern recognition in which data are relayed from one level of mental processing to the next, always moving to a higher level of processing.

Front 51

What is top-down processing?

Back 51

-A hierarchical model of pattern recognition in which information at higher levels of mental processing can also influence lower, "earlier" levels in the processing hierarchy.

Front 52

What is "good continuation"?

Back 52

-The tendency to interpret intersecting lines as continuous rather than as changing direction radically.

Front 53

What is an occluder?

Back 53

-Anything that hides from view a portion of an object or an entire object

Front 54

What is closure?

Back 54

-It refers to the tendency to complete figures that have gaps
(like a triangle with sections of the lines missing)

Front 55

What are illusory contours?

Back 55

-They refer to the fact that we sometimes perceive contours and cues to depth even though they do not exist

Front 56

What is prosopagnosia?

Back 56

-Deficits in the ability to recognize faces; but not in the ability to recognize other objects

Front 57

Neurons

Back 57

-The basic units of the nervous system; cells that receive, integrate, and transmit information in the nervous system. They operate through electrical impulses, communicate with other neurons through chemical signals, and form neural networks.

Front 58

What are neural networks?

Back 58

-Networks that neurons selectively choose that develop through maturation and experience that they communicate through

Front 59

What is the central nervous system? (CNS)

Back 59

-The brain and the spinal cord
-contains a massive amount of cells
-organizes and evaluates a variety of information that is receives from the PNS which in turn directs the PNS to perform various functions

Front 60

What is the peripheral nervous system? (PNS)

Back 60

-All the nerve cells in the body that are not part of the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
-transmits a variety of information to the CNS

Front 61

What do nerve cells do during the reception phase?

Back 61

-Take in the chemical signals from neighboring neurons

Front 62

What do nerve cells do during integration?

Back 62

-Assess incoming signals

Front 63

What do nerve cells do during transmission?

Back 63

-They pass their own signals to yet other receiving neurons

Front 64

What are the three types of neurons?

Back 64

-Sensory neurons
-motor neurons
-interneurons

Front 65

What are sensory neurons?

Back 65

(also called afferent neurons)
-they detect information from the physical world and carry it to the brain

Front 66

What are motor neurons?

Back 66

(they're efferent neurons)
-they direct muscles to contract or relax, thereby producing movement

Front 67

What are interneurons?

Back 67

-They communicate only with other neurons, not the brain or the body organs

Front 68

What are reflexes?

Back 68

-Automatic motor responses

Front 69

What are the four structural regions of a typical neuron that participate in communication functions?

Back 69

-the dendrites
-the cell body
-the axon
-the terminal buttons

Front 70

What are dendrites?

Back 70

-short, branchlike appendages that increase the neuron's receptive field and detect chemical signals from neighboring neurons

Front 71

What is the cell body?

Back 71

-(aka the "soma")
-where the information received from thousands of other neurons is collected and integrated

Front 72

What is an axon?

Back 72

-A long narrow outgrowth of a neuron by which information is transmitted to other neurons

Front 73

What are terminal buttons?

Back 73

-Small nodules, at the ends of axons, that release chemical signals from the neuron into the synapse

Front 74

What is the synapse?

Back 74

-The site at which chemical communication occurs between neurons

Front 75

What is the synaptic cleft?

Back 75

The gap between the axon of a "sending" neuron and the dendrites of a "receiving" neuron; it contains extracellular fuid.

Front 76

What is the myelin sheath?

Back 76

-A fatty material, made up of glial cells, that insulates the axon and allows for the rapid movement of electrical impulses along the axon.

Front 77

What are the nodes of Ranvier?

Back 77

-Small gaps of exposed axon, between the segments of myelin sheath, where action potentials are transmitted.

Front 78

What is the resting membrane potential?

Back 78

-the electrical charge of a neuron when it is not active

Front 79

What is polarization?

Back 79

-When the electrical charge inside a neuron is different from the electrical charge outside the neuron

Front 80

What does it mean to be polarized?

Back 80

-When a neuron has more negative ions inside it than outside it

Front 81

What are the two types of ions that contribute to a neuron's membrane resting potential?

Back 81

-sodium ions
-potassium ions

Front 82

What is action potential?

Back 82

-The neural impulse that passes along the axon and subsequently causes the release of chemicals from the terminal buttons.
(also called neural firing)

Front 83

What are the two types of signals that arrive at the dendrites?

Back 83

-excitatory; depolarize the cell membrane, encourages the neuron to fire
-inhibitory; hyperpolarize the cell, increase polarization, discourages the neuron from firing

Front 84

What kind of polarization patterns occur during action potential?

Back 84

-charge starts out slightly negative
-as neuron fires, it allows more positive ions inside the cell (depolarization)
-then through natural restoration (repolarization) it returns to its slightly negative resting state

Front 85

What is the "all-or-none" principle?

Back 85

-The principle whereby a neuron fires with the same potency each time, although frequency can vary; a neuron either fires or not-it cannot partially fire.
-how often a neuron fires depends on the strength of stimulation

Front 86

What are neurotransmitters?

Back 86

-Chemical substances that can carry signals from one neuron to another

Front 87

What is propagation?

Back 87

-The movement that occurs a neuron fires; the cell membrane's depolarization moves along the axon like a wave

Front 88

What's a presynaptic neuron?

Back 88

-The neuron that sends the signal

Front 89

What's a postsynaptic neuron?

Back 89

-The neuron that receives the signal

Front 90

What are receptors?

Back 90

-In neurons, specialized protein molecules on the postsynaptic membrane; neurotransmitters bind to these molecules after passing across the synaptic cleft.

Front 91

What is reuptake?

Back 91

-The process whereby a neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic terminal buttons, thereby stopping its activity

Front 92

What are agonists?

Back 92

-Drugs that enhance the actions of neurotransmitters

Front 93

What are antagonists?

Back 93

Drugs that inhibit the actions of neurotransmitters

Front 94

What are the three major events that terminate the neurotransmitters' influence in the synaptic cleft?

Back 94

-Reuptake
-Enzyme deactivation
-autoreception

Front 95

What is enzyme deactivation?

Back 95

-It occurs when an enzyme destroys the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft.
-different enzymes breaks down different neurotransmitters

Front 96

What are autoreceptors?

Back 96

-They monitor how much neurotransmitter has been released into the synaptic cleft;
-when excess is detected, the autoreceptors signal the presynaptic neuron to stop releasing the neurotransmitter

Front 97

In what three ways can drugs and toxins alter a neurotransmitter's action?

Back 97

-they can alter how a neurotransmitter is synthesized
-they can raise or lower the amount of a neurotransmitter released from the terminal buttons
-by blocking reuptake, they can change the way a neurotransmitter is deactivated in the synaptic cleft and therefore affect the concentration of the neurotransmitter

Front 98

What is acetylcholine? (ACh)

Back 98

-The neurotransmitter responsible for motor control at the junction between nerves and muscles; also involved in mental processes such as learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming.

Front 99

What is epinephrine?

Back 99

-A monoamine neurotransmitter responsible for bursts of energy after an even that is exciting or threatening
-part of the "fight or flight" response

Front 100

What is norepinephrine?

Back 100

A monoamine neurotransmitter involved in states of arousal and awareness
-important for vigilance; (heightened sensitivity to what is going on around you)
-appears useful for helping with clarity of attention

Front 101

What is serotonin?

Back 101

A monoamine neurotransmitter important for a wide range of psychological activity, including emotional states, impulse control, and dreaming
-low levels are associated with sad and anxious moods, food cravings, and aggressive behavior

Front 102

What is dopamine?

Back 102

-A monoamine neurotransmitter involved in motivation, reward, and motor control over voluntary movement.
-low levels of dopamine may be involved in problems with movement (i.e. Parkinson's disease)

Front 103

What are monoamines?

Back 103

*4 transmitters; (epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine) are grouped together because they have similar basic molecular structure
-their major functions are to regulate arousal and feelings, and motivate behavior.

Front 104

What is deep brain stimulation?

Back 104

-A treatment option for Parkinson's disease that involves surgically implanting electrodes deep within the brain and then using mild electrical stimulation in the regions affected by the disorder (much like how a pacemaker stimulated the heart)

Front 105

What is GABA?

Back 105

-Gamma-aminobutyric acid; the primary inhibitory transmitter in the nervous system
(drugs that are GAMA agonists are often used to treat anxiety disorders)

Front 106

What is glutamate?

Back 106

-the primary excitatory transmitter in the nervous system
(aids learning and memory by strengthening synaptic connections)

Front 107

What are endorphins?

Back 107

-Neurotransmitters involved in natural pain reduction and reward

Front 108

What is sunstance P?

Back 108

-a neurotransmitter involved in pain perception

Front 109

What is the brain best viewed as?

Back 109

-A collection of interacting neural circuits have accumulated and developed throughout human evolution

Front 110

What is phrenology?

Back 110

-The process of assessing personality traits and mental abilities by measuring bumps on the human skill

Front 111

Who proposed the idea of phrenology?

Back 111

-Neuroscientist Franz Gall and his assistant, physician Johann Spurzheim

Front 112

What is Broca's Area?

Back 112

-A small portion on the left frontal region of the brain, crucial for the production of language

Front 113

What is the brain stem?

Back 113

-An extension of the spinal cord; it houses structures that control function associated with survival, such as breathing, swallowing, vomiting, urination, and orgasm

Front 114

What two tissue types is the brain cord composed of?

Back 114

-White Matter; made mostly of axons and the fatty sheaths that surround them
-Gray Matter; made mostly of neurons' cell bodies

Front 115

What are the different parts of the brain stem?

Back 115

-medulla oblongata
-the pons
-midbrain
*contains nerves that control some of the most basic functions for survival; breathing, vomiting, etc

Front 116

What is the reticular formation?

Back 116

-A network of neurons in the brain stem

Front 117

What is the cerebellum?

Back 117

-A large, convoluted protuberance at the back of the brain stem; it's essential for coordinated movement and balance and motor memory
-may also be involved in cognitive processes

Front 118

What is the forebrain?

Back 118

-It's above the brain stem and cerebellum and consists of two cerebral hemispheres

Front 119

What are some subcortical structures that are important for understanding psychological functions?

Back 119

-hypothalamus
-thalamus
-hippocampus
-amygdala
-basal ganglia
*some of these are part of the limbic system (the border between the evolutionarily older and newer parts of the brain)

Front 120

What is the hypothalamus?

Back 120

-A brain structure that is involved in the regulation of bodily functions, including body temperature, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels; it also influences our basic motivated behaviors

Front 121

What is the thalamus?

Back 121

-The gateway to the brain; it receives almost all incoming sensory information before that information reaches the cortex

Front 122

What is the hippocampus?

Back 122

A brain structure that is associated with the formation of memories
-has been shown to grow larger with increased use

Front 123

What is the amygdala?

Back 123

-A brain structure that serves a vital role in our learning to associate things with emotional responses and in processing emotional information
-almond-shaped and located right in front of the hippocampus
-vital for responding to stimuli that elicit fear and also sexual arousal

Front 124

What is the basal ganglia?

Back 124

-A system of subcortical structures that are important for the production of planned movement

Front 125

What is the cerebral cortex?

Back 125

The outer layer of brain tissue, which forms the convoluted surface of the brain

Front 126

What are the occipital lobes?

Back 126

-Regions of the cerebral cortex-at the back of the brain-important for vision

Front 127

What is the nucleus accumbens?

Back 127

-A structure in the basal ganglia important for experiencing reward and motivating behavior

Front 128

What are the four lobes contained in each hemisphere?

Back 128

-occipital
-parietal
-temporal
-frontal

Front 129

What is the corpus callosum?

Back 129

-A massive bridge of millions of axons that connects the hemispheres and allows information to flow between them

Front 130

What is the primary visual cortex?

Back 130

-The major destination for visual information, the largest of the areas in the occipital lobes

Front 131

What are the parietal lobes?

Back 131

-Regions of the cerebral cortex-in front of the occipital lobes and behind the frontal lobes-important for the sense of touch and for conceptualizing the spatial layout of an environment

Front 132

What are the temporal lobes?

Back 132

-Regions of the cerebral cortex-below the parietal lobes and in front of the occipital lobes-important for processing auditory information, for memory, and for object and face perception

Front 133

What are the frontal lobes?

Back 133

-Regions of the cerebral cortex-at the front of the brain-important for movement and higher-level psychological processes associated with the prefrontal cortex

Front 134

What is the prefrontal cortex?

Back 134

-The frontmost portion of the frontal lobes, especially prominent in humans; important for attention, working memory, decision making, appropriate social behavior, and personality.

Front 135

What is the primary somatosensory cortex?

Back 135

-A strip in the front part of the parietal lobe, runs from the top of the brain down the sides, responsible for grouping nearby sensations

Front 136

What is the disorder, heminiglect?

Back 136

-A disorder where people fail to notice anything on their left side

Front 137

What is the primary auditory cortex?

Back 137

-The portion of the brain, located in the temporal lobes, that is responsible for hearing

Front 138

What is a lebotomy?

Back 138

-A deliberate damaging of the prefrontal cortex
-this sort of surgery generally leaves the patient lethargic and emotionally flat

Front 139

What is the somatic nervous system?

Back 139

-A component of the peripheral nervous system; it transmits sensory signals and motor signals between the central nervous system and the skin, muscles, and joints

Front 140

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Back 140

-A component of the peripheral nervous system; it transmits sensory signals and motor signals between the central nervous system and the body's glands and internal organs

Front 141

What two primary components is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

Back 141

-The somatic nervous system
-The autonomic nervous system

Front 142

What two types of signals travel from the central nervous system to the organs and glands?

Back 142

-Sympathetic
-Parasympathetic

Front 143

What is sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 143

-A division of the autonomic nervous system; it prepares the body for action

Front 144

What is the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 144

-A division of the autonomic nervous system; it returns the body to its resting state

Front 145

What is the endocrine system?

Back 145

-A communication system that uses hormones to influence thoughts, behaviors, and actions

Front 146

What are hormones?

Back 146

-Chemical substances, released from endocrine glands, that travel through the bloodstream to targeted tissues; the tissues are subsequently influenced by the hormones

Front 147

What are gonads?

Back 147

-The main endocrine glands involved in sexual behavior
*In males=the testes
*In females=the ovaries

Front 148

What are the two major gonadal hormones in male and females?

Back 148

*males; testosterone
*females; progesterone and estradiol

Front 149

What is the pituitary gland?

Back 149

-A gland located at the base of the hypothalamus; it sends hormonal signals to other endocrine glands, controlling their release of hormones

Front 150

What are chromosomes?

Back 150

-Structures within the cell body that are made up of DNA. DNA consists of genes.

Front 151

What are genes?

Back 151

-The units of heredity that help determine the characteristics of an organism.

Front 152

What are dominant genes?

Back 152

-Genes that are expressed in the offspring whenever they're present

Front 153

What is a recessive gene?

Back 153

-A gene that is expressed only when it is matched with a similar gene from the other parent

Front 154

What is a genotype?

Back 154

-The genetic constitution of an organism, determined at the moment of conception

Front 155

What is a phenotype?

Back 155

-Observable physical characteristics, which result from both genetic and environmental influences

Front 156

What are proteins?

Back 156

-The basic chemicals that make up the structure of cells and direct their activities
-there's many types of proteins and each type carries out a specific task

Front 157

What are the two influences on phenotype?

Back 157

-GENETICS
-ENVIRONMENT

Front 158

What sex chromosomes do males and females have?

Back 158

-Males; XY
-Females; XX

Front 159

What are gametes?

Back 159

-the egg and sperm cells
-They're produced by the division of reproductive cells

Front 160

What is a zygote?

Back 160

-the fertilized egg

Front 161

What is cell division?

Back 161

-process through which the zygote grows
*Has 2 stages;
1. Chromosomes duplicate
2. Cell divides into two new cells with an identical chromosome structure

Front 162

What is behavioral genetics?

Back 162

-The study of how genes and environment interact to influence psychological activity

Front 163

What are monozygotic twins?

Back 163

*Identical twins;
-twin siblings that result from one zygote splitting in two and therefore share the same genes

Front 164

What are dizygotic twins?

Back 164

*Fraternal twins;
-twin siblings that result from two separately fertilized eggs and therefore are no more similar genetically than nontwin siblings.

Front 165

What account for the brain's ability to adapt to various things?

Back 165

*Plasticity;
-it's a property of the brain that allows it to change as a result of experience, drugs, or injurt

Front 166

What is synesthesia?

Back 166

-Cross-sensory experience; i.e. a visual image has a taste
-the experience always stays the same though
-tends to run in families

Front 167

What is neurogenesis?

Back 167

-The production of new neurons
-a lot of it occurs in the hippocampus

Front 168

Why might the phantom limb sensation occur?

Back 168

-Somehow, the rest of the brain hasn't kept pace with the somatosensory area enough to figure out these neurons' new job

Front 169

What is the major difference between a phantom limb and synesthesia?

Back 169

-The phantom limb is caused primarily by environment (the loss of the limb) and synesthesia is cause primarily by genetics

Front 170

What is sexual dimorphism?

Back 170

-The sex differences in anatomy

Front 171

What is a radical hemispherectomy?

Back 171

-The surgical removal of an entire hemisphere; the remaining hemisphere eventually takes on most of the lost hemisphere's functions
-can only be done in children though