Psych Exam 3

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Rate of occurence of Schizophernia

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1% - genetic component

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What are the subtypes of schizophrenia

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paranoid, undifferentiated, catatonic, disorganized, residual

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paranoid schizophrenia

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delusns orhallucinations w/ persecution or grandiosity

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undifferentiated schizophrenia

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many dif symptoms- combos

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catatonic schizophrenia

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immobility extreme negatism, repeating speech or mov of others

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residual schizo

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w/drawl, after hallucination and delusions have disappered

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disorganized schizo

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disorganized speech or behavior or flat or inappropriat emotion

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How is dopamine related to schizophrenia

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Dopamine Overactivity
•Schizo express higher levels ( 6X) of dopamine D4 recep in brain

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source amnesia

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attribe event to wrong source- exper heard read or imagined

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misinformation effect

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incorporating misleadign info into one;s mem of an event

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Loftus Studies

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car accident studdies, Red Datsun Study, slides, sub not misled: 80% correct
Misled: 20% correct

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Engram

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physic change in brain when memory formed

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consolidation

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process- changes in struc and func of neurons when mem formed strengthen memories

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long term potentiation

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(LTP) synaptic enhancement after leaning- increase in neurotransmitter release or receptors onthe recieving neuron.

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Alzheimer's Disease primary diff

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anterograde amnesia
associated w/ acetyl Coline

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mem is recontructive process T/F

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T

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how reconstruction can lead to false memories

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can be messed w/ by misinformation effect, hindsight bias, imaginationeffect, source amnesia

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dysfunction is key to disorder, why?

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interferes w/ life, not disorder unless impairs daily function

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deviant, distressful and dysfunctional

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what defines a disorder . mental

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biological model

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concept that diseases can be diagnosed, treated and cured

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psychological models

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psychodynamic, behavorial and cognitive approaches to treating disorders

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biopsychosocial

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biological socio-cultural and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

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Culture - specific psychological disorders

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anorexia bulimia (west cultures)

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DSM IV?

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Diagnstic and Statistical Manual of MEntal Disorders

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How is the DSM IV used to classify and label disorders?

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decribes 400 multiaxial classification- from loss grade to high grade label hels communication and establish therapies

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is the DSM IV reliable diagnoses across practitioners.

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yes

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neg affects of labeling w/ psychological disorder

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causes ppl to view them dif, stigmatize individuals.

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generalized anxiety disorder

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tenseness and apprehension (6 mo or more) autonomic arousal,

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panic disorder

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min long ep of intense dread, or terror chest pains, choking or other frightening sensation

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phobias

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persistent and irrational fear of an obj or situation that disrupts behavior

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Obsessive complusive disorder

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persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urge to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress.

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Acute traumatic stress disorders

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less than 4 weeks
haunting mem , nightmares, social w/drawal jumpy anxiety sleep probs

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Post traumatic stress disorder

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4 or more weeks
haunting mem , nightmares, social w/drawal jumpy anxiety sleep probs

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cause of anxiety disorders

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psychodynamic-repressed urges
behavioral- reinforcement
cognitive-irrational thinking
biological- chemical imbalances

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major depressive

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response to past or current loss, 2 or more weeks letharygy, feelings of worthlessness, loss of interest in family & friends, and activites

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bipolar disorder

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depressive symp: gloomy, withdrawn, inability to make descisions, tired, slow.
manic symp: elation, euphoria, desire action, hyperactive, multiple ideas

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biological perspective on depression

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geneic influences , reduction of norepinephrine and serotonin drugs: norepinephrine.
scans: PET shows brain energy consumption rises and falls w/ manic and depressive ep.

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self defeating beliefs and explanatory style play in depression

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stable/temporary
global/specific
internal/external-specific

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depression cycle,

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stressful experiences--> neg explanatory style--> depressed mood--> cog and behav changes

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how can depressing thoughts reinforce themselves?

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it loops back around as you become more stressed

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dissociative identity disorder

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a person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalitities.

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DID critics

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argue that diagnosis of DID has increased to 20,000 cases from 2 cases.

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dissociative Fugue

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travel from familiar surroundign after traumatic event, amnesia for trip and possibly personal identity.

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dissociative amnesia

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memory loss for personal info related to traumatic event (froids ideas of represed mem)

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dissociative disorder

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conscious awareness becomes separated from prev memories thougths and feelings. symp: sense of being unreal, being sep from body, watching themselves in a movie.

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Personality Disoders

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inflex and enduring behav patterns that impair social functioning, Avoidant pers dis,
narcissitic pers dis
Borderline prs dis

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Borderline pers dis

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extreme reactions

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avoidant pers dis

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fear of rejections

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narcissistic pers dis

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think the world is abt them

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antsocial personlity disrder

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a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members Psychopaths, sociopaths

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atsocial pers dis and stress hormones?

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Less stress hormones released. Less arusal in the automatic nervous system

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schizophenia genetic factors

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1% of population world wide, iden twins have 50% chance of having.

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viruses and schizoprenia

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to viral infections during pregnancy particularly in the 2nd trimester 5-6%- icreased chance

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psychological factors play a role (stress-vulnerability model) schyzophrenia?

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genes may predispose but if not exposed-->wont develop--> environment shapes Ex height

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psychoanalytical therapies

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bring repressed feeling into conscious awareness (psychoanalysis)

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cognitive therapies

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•Based on the assump that thots intervene between events and our emo rxn.
ACTION THERAPY
looks for Distortion of thinking

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behavioral therapies

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applies learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors
classical conditioning, counterconditioning, systematic disensitization, aversion, and exposure therapies

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humanistic therapies

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Uses active listening
Echoes, restates, and clarifies patient’s thinking, acknow expressed feelings

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group therapies

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6 to 10 ppl
–Clients benefit from knowing others have simi prob (way of delivering therapy)
–Can help more people and cost less.
–Shy, now don’t have the one on one interaction

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psychological therapies

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confiding interaction between a trained therapist and a patient
action therapies, insight based therapies

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action herapies

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ex: behavioral, cog-behavioral, cognitive
change something abt individ

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Insithg based based therapies

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understand motifs
ex:

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Distortion of Thinking

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cog therapy:
–Arbitrary inference – “jumping to conclusions” (john didn’t return call must b seeing some1 else)
–Overgeneralization – sweeping conclusions they r somewhat evi based
–Magnification – out of proportion (one examine, not going to get job u want)
–Minimization – not emph good things
Personalization – take blame 4 things out of control

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cognitive-behavior therapy

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– Alter the way ppl act (behavior therapy) and the way they think (cognitive therapy)

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active listening?

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humanistic therp
•Echoes, restates, and clarifies, acknowl expres feelings.

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person-centered therapy

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humanistic: ative list, nondirective, non judging, unconditional pos regard-pos emo rxns

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autism

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deficiencies and repetitive behavior- 1%

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autisms realtion to Theory of mind and mirror neurons?

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reason for it is possible dificiency in mirror neuron system- visual learning

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the three biomedical treatments for psychological disorders

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Drug treatments
electric shock therapy
Surgery

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drug treatments influence on hospitalizations?

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rapidly declined.

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placebo effect

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when expectations strongly influence behavior and drug results

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double blind procedures

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tests the effective ness of drug patients are tested w/ drug and placebo and patients and person who interacts w/ patient are kept blind.

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four major classes of drugs

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antipsychotic, antianxiety antidepressants, and antimanic

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antipsychotic drugs

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classical- remove #pos symtoms - delusions hallucinations
Atypical- trys to remove neg symp: apathy, concentration-blocks dop receptors

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antianxiety drugs

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depress central nerv system, reduces tension elevates GABA

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antidepressants drugs

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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, lowers reuptake of serotonin, SSRIS

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Antimanic Drugs

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stabilize manic episodes in bipoler disorder, moderates lvls of Norepinephrine and glutamate neurotrans (A salt)

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Electroconvulsive therapy to treat and side effects

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severley depressed patients- unrepsonsive to drugs, memory loss before and a little after. 80%
100 volt short 3 sessions

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does TMS work for depression

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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation- yes

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psychosurgery

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removal of brain tissue, prefrontal lobotomy, bilat ant cingulatomy, last resort!!!

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prefrontal lobotomies

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server connections between frontal lob and limbic system.

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bilateral anterior cigulatomies

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use MRI take out 2 regions of frontal lobe

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what is consciousness?

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awarness of everything going on around inside and out

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what are waking and altered states of consciousness?

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waking: thoughts feelings senstations
Altered: shift in quality or patterned of activity.

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circadian rhythm

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our biological clock, 24 hr cycle

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circadian rhythm brain involved and chemical that controls it?

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yeah brain involve, hypothalamus, decress melatonin in morning and increase in nightfall.

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role of hypothalamus play in circadian rhythm

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suprachiasmatic nucleus triggered by light decreases melatonin

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how to measure brain activity when we are sleeping?

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with an EEG, 90 min through cycle

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circadian rhythm

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our biological clock, 24 hr cycle

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stages of sleep + waves

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awake : beta waves
5 stages: 1 (light sleep0 and 2(temp breath decrease) = theta faster smaller, 3 and 4 delta waves slower- growth hormone release, 5) REM

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circadian rhythm brain involved and chemical that controls it?

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yeah brain involve, hypothalamus, decress melatonin in morning and increase in nightfall.

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role of hypothalamus play in circadian rhythm

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suprachiasmatic nucleus triggered by light decreases melatonin

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how to measure brain activity when we are sleeping?

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with an EEG, 90 min through cycle

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stages of sleep + waves

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awake : beta waves
5 stages: 1 (light sleep0 and 2(temp breath decrease) = theta faster smaller, 3 and 4 delta waves slower- growth hormone release, 5) REM

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REM paralysis

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voluntary muscles are relaxed

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REM rebound

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increased amt of REM sleep if depreived prior

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REM stage of Sleep?

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stage 5, rapid eye movements, vivid dreams Beta waves

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What happens during REM

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rapid eye movement w/ vivid dreams , low amp fast reguluar beta waves

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Cycle throguh dif stages of sleep

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90 min 1-5 stages

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sympt of sleep deprevations

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fatigue ,impaired concentration, emotional irritability, depressed immune system, gratter vulnerability

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Insomnia

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persistant inability to fall asleep

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Narcolepsy

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overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up

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Sleep Apnea

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failure to breathe when asleep

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Kids sleep disorders

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night terrors: fear stage 4
sleepwalking: stage 4
Sleeptalking: runs in familes

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Sleep theories- why we sleep

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Adaptive theory- sleep protects ancetors
Restorative theory= sleep helps us recover and grow.
Sleep helps us rememer: rebuilds fading mem

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what are things that we dream about (research)

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wish fulfillment- frued
info processing
psysiological function
Activation synthesis theory-
Cognitive development- reaseachres thing it is part of brain maturation and cog develop

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Theories as to why we dream

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feud's wish fullfillment, information processing, physiological function, activation-synthesis, cognitive theory.

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hypnosis affect consciousness

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a heightened state of suggestibilityy

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are hypnotized people acting involuntarily

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no it is person being hypnotized that is in control.

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theories of hypnosis

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dissociation- splitting of conscious
or
social-cognitive theory of hypnosis, that assumes that ppl are not in an altered sate but playing the role expected.

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interpersonal therapy

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therapy for depression which incorporates multple approaches and foucus on interpersonal problems.

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Gestalt Theory

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for of directive insight therapy which therapist helps client to accept all parts of feelings and subjective experiences , leading questions or role playing.

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disadvantages of group therapy

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paranoia schizophernia cant tol environment, client share therapist time, reluctance to speak freely.

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free association

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patient says anything aloud that comes to mind.

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characteristics of humanistic therapy

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focus on: conscious thts, present and future self, promoting growth instead of curing illness, taking responsibility

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resistance

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when your brain makes a conscious desicion to block coming out

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dream interpretation

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manifest content: actual dream content
Latent content: symbolism behind the dream content.

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aims of psychoanalysis

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repressed impulses and conflicts in childhood. feeling into conscious awareness id and ego and super ego in conflict.

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criticisms associated with psychoanalysis

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hard to refeute can't be proven or disproven, takes a long time and expensive (yrs)

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psychotherapy effectivness? data vs patients

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patients 90% satisfied,
meta analysis - average treated patient better than 80% untreated patients.

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problems w/ evaluationg therapies

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clients need to believe therapy worked, natural tendedncy to get better after crisis.
clinicion overestimate success , familys want to see ppl get betr /

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meta-analysis

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stat combining results of many studies

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commonalities among psychotherapies

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therapeutic alliance (therapis client relationship, protected setting and hope (placebo effect)

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cultures role in therapy

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therapist may differ from clients in beliefs, values and cultural background.

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depression therapy

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behavior and cognitive

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anciety

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cognitive and exporsure

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bulimia

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cognitive-behavior

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meds are only affective with psycho therapy t / f

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T

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Do cognitive therapies work?

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inexpensive, works w/ depression stress anxiety, eating disorders and schizo to a small degree/
potential bias on what needs to be changed by therapist.

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goal of cog therapies

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active teaches adaptive ways of thinking and acting, intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

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role in cognition play in disorders

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the distortions of thinking:
arbitrary inference
overgeneralization
magnification
minimization
personalization lead to these disorders

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aversive conditioning

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associates unpleasant state w/ unwanted behavior- closer to punishment
expectation learned not association.

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systematic desensitization

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cant be anxious and relaced, associates relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety- phobias.

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exporsure therapies

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exposes patient to things they fear and avoid extinction of conditioned fear response. (get used to a ticking clock)

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counterconditioning

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conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

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behavior theories use classical learnign technique to modify behavior

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counterconditioning and operant conditioning action therapy, token economy

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operant conditioning used to modify behavior ?

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esired behavior rewarded and undesired behavior rewarded or punished tp change behavior token economy-

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token economies

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earn tokens for certain behavior, traded good stuff, used in institutional settings.