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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Freud’s psychoanalysis
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therapeutic technique-- he believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams and the therapist's interpretations of them released repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
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Psychotherapy
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treatment involving psychological techniques -- consists of interactions between a therapist + someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
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Resistance
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in Psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
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Transference
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in Psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked w/ other relationships (ie. love or hared for a parent)
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Psychodynamic Therapy
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therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views people as responding to unconscious forces/childhood experiences
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Insight Therapies
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Aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives + defenses
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Clint-centered Therapy
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Carl Rogers, a Humanistic therapy in which the therapist uses active listening in an accepting environment to facilitate clients' growth
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance.
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Behavior Therapy
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Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
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Counterconditioning
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A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors
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Exposure Therapies
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behavior techniques, such as a systematic desensitization that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear/avoid
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Systematic Desensitization
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type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state w/ gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli (commonly used to treat phobias)
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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
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anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears. You wear a heat-mounted display unit that projects a 3D virtual world
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Adversive Conditioning
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A type of Counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (ex: nausea) with unwanted behavior (ex: drinking)
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Behavior modification
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Reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors or punishing them
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Token Economy
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An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort of exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
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Cognitive Therapy
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Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene btwn. events and emotional reactions
Ex: for eating disorders, people are encouraged to journal positive events and how one enabled the events, and then they may become more mindful of their self-control |
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Beck's Therapy for Depression
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analyzed dreams of depressed people and found recurring negative themes of loss, rejection, and abandonment. He tried to reveal irrational thinking and then fix it
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Cognitive-behavior Therapy
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combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defecating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
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Family Therapy
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treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
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Evidence-based clinical decision-making
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the ideal clinical decision-making is a three legged stool, upheld by research evidence, clinical expertise, and knowledge of the patient
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Biomedical Therapy
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Prescribed meds or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system
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Antipsychotic drugs
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used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder
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Tardive Dyskinesia
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involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue and limbs-- a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-terms use of antipsychotic drugs
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Anti-anxiety drugs
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used to control anxiety and agitation (Xanax, Ativan)
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Antidepressant drugs
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used to treat depression and anxiety, alter the availability of various neurotransmitters and make more serotonin available (Zoloft, Paxil)
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An Unquiet Mind
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woman takes lithium to control bipolar disorder
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ETC)
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effective treatment for depression that doesn't respond to drugs. Electric currents are sent through the brain
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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain-- used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
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Psychosurgery
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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
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Social Psychology
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scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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Attribution Theory
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the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
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Central Route to Persuasion
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Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts (Al Gore on global warming)
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Peripheral Route to Persuasion
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Occurs when people are influences by incidental cues (Finding Al Gore attractive, having nothing to do with his thoughts on Global Warming)
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Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
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tendency for people who have 1st agreed to a smaller request to comply later with a larger request
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when 2 of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistence (ex. when our awareness of our attitudes and our actions clashes, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing out attitudes)
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Normative Social Influence
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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
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Informational Social Influence
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influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality
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Social Facilitation
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Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
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Social Loafing
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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort
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Group Polarization
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the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
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Groupthink
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thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
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In-Group
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"us" - people with whom we share a common identity
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In-group
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"us" -- people with whom we share a common identity
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Out-group
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"them" -- those seen as different or apart from our in-group
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Other-race effect
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tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races
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Mere-exposure Effect
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phenomenon that repeated exposure to the novel stimuli increases liking of them. familiarity breeds fondness
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Equity
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a condition in which people receive from a relationship in a proportion to what they give to it
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Bystander Effect
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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
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Social Exchange Theory
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theory that our social behavior is an exchange process -- maximize benefits and minimize costs
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Reciprocity Norm
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people will help those who have helped them
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Social-responsibility norm
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expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
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Social Trap
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a situation in which the conflicting parties pursing their self-interest become caught in mutually destructive behavior
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Superordinate Goals
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shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
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Major Depressive Disorder
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2 weeks or more, physical changes in the brain (less serotonin)
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Depression
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trouble focusing, loss of memory, lethargy, worthlessness, decreased interest in family/friends/interests, fatigue
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Dysthymia
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2 years of more, less severe
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Adjustment Disorder
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stems from loss, months long
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S.A.D
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lack of sunlight/vitamin D
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Post-Partum Depression
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pregnancy hormone changes
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Genetic influences of mood disorders
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-mood disorders run in families
-rate of depression is HIGHER in identical twins than in fraternal twins |
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Schizophrenia
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split mind, split from reality, disorganized/delusional thinking, disturbed perception (hallucinations etc), inappropriate emotions and actions
Positive Symptoms = presence of inappropriate behaviors Negative Symptoms = absence of appropriate behavior |
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James-Lange Theory
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first comes a distinct physiological response, then after observing that response comes our experienced emotion
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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physiological and emotional responses occur simultaneously (ie. heart begins to pound as you feel fear) --> one does not cause the other
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Two Factor Theory
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Schacter/Singer, our physiology + our cognitions create our emotions
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Catharsis
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emotional released achieved through aggressive action or fantasy
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Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
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people are more likely to help others if they recently experienced a mood boost
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Subjective well-being
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feelings of happiness or a sense of satisfaction with life, often represented as a ration of positive to negative feelings
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The Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
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our tendency to judge various stimuli relative to those we have previously experienced (ex. after receiving a raise, we experience a surge in happiness but then grow accustomed to it and require something better for another surge in happiness)
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Relative Deprivation
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the sense that we are worse off than others with whom we compare ourselves
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Behavioral medicine
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interdisciplinary field of psychologists and physicians
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Health Psychology
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the psychology subsection of behavioral medicine
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
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the body's general adaptive response to stress- like a singular burglar alarm that sounds no matter what intrudes
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Type A personality
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reactive, competitive, hard-driving, impatient, time-conscious, super-motivated, verbally aggressive, easily angered
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Type B personality
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more easygoing
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
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study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect our immune system
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Free association
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psychological technique where patient says whatever comes to mind
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ID
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1st of three interacting systems -- unconscious energy drives us to satisfy basic needs (survive, reproduce, aggress) --> Animalistic behavior
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Ego
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strives to fulfill the ID realistically + with long term pleasure. Contains our partly conscious perceptions, thoughts, judgements, memories
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Superego
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the voice of our moral compass which forces the go not only to consider the realistic but the ideal
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Psychosexual stages
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a period children pass through where the ID's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body
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Reaction formation
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the ego unconsciously makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposites
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Projection
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disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others
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Displacement
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diverts sexual or aggressive impulses towards an object or person that is psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings
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Projective tests
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the psychological x-ray
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Self-concept
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all the feelings and thoughts we have in response to the question “who am I?”
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Learned Helplessness
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passive resignation after exposure to traumatic events
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Spotlight effect
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self-focused perspectives lead us to presume too readily that others are noticing and evaluating us
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The Medical Model
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a medical approach to mental health (ie. diagnosing a mental illness based of symptoms + then treating it w/ therapy)
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DSM-IV-TR
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current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders
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Generalized anxiety disorder
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continuous worry marked by jitters, agitation, sleep deprivation
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Panic disorder
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an "anxiety tornado" striking suddenly, wreaking havoc, and disappearing
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Phobias
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anxiety disorders in which an irrational fear causes the person to avoid some object, activity, or situation
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Dissociative disorders
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people experience a sudden loss of memory or change of identity in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation
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Dissociative identity disorder
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two or more distinct identities are said to control one persons behavior
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Personality disorders
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disruptive, inflexible, and enduring behavioral patterns that impair ones social functioning
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