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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is attention
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Perception is selective
Perception is more efficient for a stimulus that is attended to Conversely, the perception of unattended stimuli may be disrupted altogether Studies demonstrate how little of unattended stimuli we perceive |
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What is Change/Inattentional Blindness
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When attention is directed elsewhere, humans often fail to notice changes in a stimulus
Even when it’s something very obvious! |
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What is Intelligence?
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“Intelligence is the aggregate, or global capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment.
-David Wechsler, 1938 |
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Practical need for intelligence tests (history)
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Universal education
Need to decide if each child would benefit from schooling Special education Identifying (and separating) those who need it |
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Alfred Binet’s approach
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Intelligence is a complex set of processes
hallmark of intelligence is: Reasoning Judgment |
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Who is Alfred Binet
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Originator of intelligence tests
Understood intelligence as applicable to a wide range of mental tasks Measured by a comparison between mental age and chronological age |
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What was Wilhelm Stern's shizz
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Stern – The concept of IQ
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What is Stern's concept of IQ
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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Speed of cognitive growth Child’s intelligence level relative to his/her age level IQ = 100 x Mental Age Chronological Age |
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What is IQ Computation Today like?
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Deviation IQs
position within a group of same-aged peers Mean = 100 (+ 1 Standard Deviation = 115) |
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Intelligence Testing in general
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IQ tests have been developed for various uses (e.g., Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale [WAIS])
Intelligence tests tend to have high test-retest reliability...even with gaps of years between first test and subsequent tests |
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Change in IQ Over Generations
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The Flynn effect
Relatively large increases in IQ across generations |
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Why did IQ change?
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Better nutrition
Educational system More testing experience |
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What does IQ predict?
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IQ is a fairly good predictor for scholastic performance
IQ is a good predictor of attainment of jobs but relatively poor predictor of performance “practical intelligence” more important for job performance like knowing how to do specific task No association with most psychological disorders |
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Other aspects of intelligence
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Mental Speed
Higher-IQ individuals show faster response times in many tasks. Working Memory ability to keep multiple goals in mind |
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One-Factor Theories of Intelligence
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People who do well on one test tend to do well on others
intelligence is one global factor The main idea behind IQ Every test measures “g” general intellectual ability “s” some specific abilities |
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Hierarchical model of Intelligence
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A hierarchical notion of intelligence places g at the top of the hierarchy
At the next level are verbal ability, quantitative ability, and spatial ability Each of these can be subdivided into more specific abilities |
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Multiple Intelligences
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Howard Gardner
Linguistic Logico-mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Naturalist Interpersonal Intrapersonal Controversial theory with mixed evidence supporting and contradicting |
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Different aspects of Intelligence
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Fluid intelligence
“mental efficiency” (i.e., spatial rotation task) Ability to deal with new problems Crystallized intelligence fact-oriented (i.e., vocabulary test) Acquired knowledge |
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Genetics and Intelligence
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Studies of twins, family members, and adopted children together support the idea that there is a significant genetic contribution to intelligence.
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Genes and Environment
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Genetic contribution to Intelligence in families with high Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Little genetic contribution in low-SES families Identical and Fraternal twins show same IQ correlation Environment may not allow genetic potential to emerge Inadequate schooling, health care, nutrition, etc |
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History of Intelligence Testing
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The US Army WW I Testing Program
Two tests Army Alpha test (for literate people) Army Beta test (for illiterate people) |
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Relation between Residency & Mental Age
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Conclusions:
Decrease in quality of immigrants Large proportion of US males retarded |
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Problem with these conclusions?
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IQ based on:
comparisons with peers Selected an inappropriate peer comparison group answers to test items Residency may make those items easier |
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Culture and Intelligence
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Our understanding of intelligence may also need to take into account cultural context
People in different cultures have different abilities and different understandings of test-taking situations |
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IQ Comparisons
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Several studies document a difference between the average scores of White and Black students in U.S.
Difference goes away after taking into account Socioeconomic status Environmental factors (poverty and poor schooling) explain these effects |
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Other Influences
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Testing experience/comfort with standardized testing
Stereotype Threat Performance changes if “primed” (reminded) about a stereotype of one’s group Stereotypes do affect actual performance Both positively and negatively |
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Emotional Intelligence
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People with high emotional intelligence:
have fewer conflicts with their peers are more tolerant of stress |
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Conclusions About IQ Tests?
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Reasons to use them
Predict academic success Comparisons among children Reasons to be cautious Possible biases Limited view of intelligence |
