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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is motivation?
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All processes that initiate, direct and sustain behavior
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What are the three components of motivation?
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Activation, persistence, and intensity
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What is activation phase?
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First steps required toward achieving a goal
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What is persistence?
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Continued effort put forth in working toward a goal
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What is intensity?
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Focused energy applied in order to achieve a goal
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What kind of motivation is characterized by desire to do something just because it's enjoyable?
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Intrinsic
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What kind of motivation is characterized by desire to do something to gain a reward or avoid a consequence?
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Extrinsic
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What is an incentive?
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External stimulus that motivates behavior
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According to Skinner, what is a reinforcer?
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A consequence that increases frequency of a behavior
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What happens once the link between behavior and reinforcer is established?
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Expectation of getting the reinforcer again serves as incentive to behave the same way.
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What is an instinct?
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Fixed behavior pattern that is characteristic of every member of a species, assumed to be genetically programmed
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What is Hull's drive-reduction theory?
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Biological needs create drives that we are motivated to reduce; such as the drive of hunger causes us to eat to reduce that feeling
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What is the biological comcept of homeostasis?
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Tendency to maintain a blaanced internal state to ensure physical survival; equilibrium of the body
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What is a person's state of alertness and mental/physical activation?
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Arousal
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What does the arousal theory state?
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People are motivated to keep an optimal level of arousal; stimulation or reduction of arousal
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What motives cause us to increase stimulation when arousal is too low?
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Stimulus motives
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What does the Yerkes-Dodson law believe about performance and arousal level?
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Performance on tasks is best when arousal is appropriate to the difficulty of the task
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What did Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggest?
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Motivations are the foundation for higher-level motives
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So motivation is the process through which humans seek to?
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Meet their needs
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What is self-actualization?
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Pursuit of self-defined goals for personal fufillment and growth
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What must we work through in order to attain self-actualization?
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Lower unmet needs
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What are social motives?
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Motives acquired through exerience and interaction with others
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What was one of the motives defined by Murray?
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Need for achievement (n Ach)
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What is the n Ach?
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Need to accomplish something difficult, perform at a high standard of excellence
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What kind of goals do high n Ach people persue?
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Challenging but realistic, goals that will feel rewarding if successful
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What kinds of goals do low n Ach people set?
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Really low or really high; motivated by fear of failure, not willing to take chances
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What is the goal orientation theory?
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Acheivement motivation depends on which of the four goal orientations you have
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What are the four goal orientations?
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Mastery approach, mastery avoidance, performance avoidance, performance approach
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What is the mastery approach?
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Motivated by desire to achieve a goal
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What is mastery avoidance?
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Motivated by fear of failing to achieve a goal
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What is performance avoidance?
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Motivated to be as good as peers
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What is performance approach?
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Motivated to be better than peers
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What are psychologists called who apply their knowledge to the workplace, esp work motivation and job performance?
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Industrial/organization psychs (I/O)
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What are the two most effective ways to increase employee motivation and improve performance?
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Reinforcement and goal setting
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What are primary drives?
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Unlearned motives that serve to satisfy biological needs
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What acts as a feeding center to incite eating?
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Lateral hypothalamus (LH)
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What acts as a fullness center to inhibit eating?
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Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
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What internal changes regulate hunger?
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Blood glucose levels and hormones
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What external cues influence hunger?
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Smell, being around people that aearting, visuals
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What is BMI?
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Body mass index, measure of weight relative to height
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What hormone affects the hypothalamus and regulates body weight?
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Leptin
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What happens if you produce high levels of leptin?
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You will have a higher level of body fat
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What is the metabolic rate?
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Rate at which body burns calories to produce energy
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What is the set-point theory?
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We are genetically programmed to be a certain weight
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What is a person's set point?
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The weight at which they are neither trying to gain or lose weight
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What is a BMI over 30?
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OBESE!
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What is the key to losing weight?
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Eat less, exercise more
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What is anorexia nervosa?
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Eating disorder, overwhelming fear of gaining weight, compulsive dieting, self-starvation, excessive weight loss.
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What is anorexia caused by?
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Social pressure, desire to be thin, physical appearance
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How is it treated?
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Controlled environment, therapy, antidepressant drugs, protein-rich supplements, nutritional therapy
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What is bulimia nervosa?
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Eating disorder, repeated and uncontrolled episodes of binge eating
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What is it caused by?
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OCD, perfectionism, desire to be thin
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How is it treated?
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Behavior modification, cognitive behavioral therapy, antideprresants
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