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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sleep paralysis
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state of being unable to move right after falling asleep or right before waking up
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consciousness
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our subjective experience of the world, our bodies and our mental perspectives
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circadian rhythm
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cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis in many biological processes
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what is the technical name for our "biological clock"?
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suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
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where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located and what does it do?
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in the hypothalamus, it is responsible for controlling our levels of alertness
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who discovered REM?
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Aserinsky and Kleitman
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Rapid eye movement (rem)
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rapid darting of the eyes underneath closed eyelids during sleep
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T/F during REM sleep people have very vivd dreams?
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true, less likely to report vivid dreams in nonREM sleep
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how long is each sleep cycle?
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about 90 minutes
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describe STAGE 1 sleep
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time: 10 mins
brain powers down by 50%, produce theta waves (4 to 7 times a second) and may experience hypnagogic imagery (bizarre images) |
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describe STAGE 2 sleep
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brain slows down even more (heart rate, temp and movement slow), consists of sleep spindles and K complexes,
*65 percent of sleep in stage 2* |
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what stage of sleep do we spend 65% of our sleep in?
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stage 2!
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describe STAGE 3 and 4 sleep
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after 10 to 30 mins, deeper slow-wave sleep
produces delta waves (2 a second) *only about 25% of our sleep is in deep sleep |
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describe STAGE 5 sleep
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REM sleep, after 15 to 30 mins of deep sleep we return to STAGE 2 with increased heart rate and irregular breathing. only lasts about 10 to 20 mins then back into deep sleep
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T/F we only dream during REM sleep
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false, we just dream more* during REM sleep
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how do biologists know that REM sleep is important?
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if we don't deep sleep for a while we fall into REM rebound where our body tries to catch up on REM sleep
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what type of sleep is called paradoxical sleep and why?
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REM sleep; because our brain is active but our body is inactive
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how much sleep do we need?
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7 to 10 hours
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what are some consequences of sleep deprivation?
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increase risk of injury and accidents, health problems, weight gain --> hallucinations in extreme cases
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lucid dreaming
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experience of becoming aware that one is dreaming
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what are the 3 forms of insomnia?
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1. trouble falling asleep 2. waking up too early in the morning 3. waking up in the night and can't fall back asleep
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insomnia
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difficulty falling and staying asleep
*most common sleep disturbance |
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cataplexy
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complete loss of muscle tone (happens to people during REM sleep and can happen to people with narcolepsy)
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what hormone plays a key role in triggering sudden sleepiness
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orexin
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narcolepsy
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disorder characterized by the rapid and often unexpected onset of sleep
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sleep apnea
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disorder caused by the blockage of the airway during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue
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2 possible treatments of sleep apnea?
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weight loss and tonsil removal for children
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night terrors
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sudden waking episodes of screaming and confusion followed by a return back to deep sleep (usually only in children, or stressed out adults)
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sleepwalking
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walking while fully asleep, usually always happens in non-REM sleep, and is usually harmless
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T/F dreams are often more pleasant than frightening
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false; dreams are more aggressive than friendly, negative than positive and contain more bad fortune
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how did Freud describe dreams and who else believed this?
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they are the guardians of sleep; native americans
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what is the main difference between Freud's dream theory and activation-synthesis theory?
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Freud believed dreams were a repressed unconscious wish while AS theory proposes dreams reflect brain activity
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what do the forebrain, amygdala and pons do in activation-synthesis theory?
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dreams reflect inputs from our brain activation originating in the pons and the forebrain attempts to weave them into a story. amygdala adds color to our emotions
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who created the forebrain dreaming theory and describe this theory...
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Mark Solms; damage to the forebrain can eliminate dreams; dreams come from the motivational and emotional control centers of the forebrain while the logical parts of the brain are asleep
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neurocognitive theory
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theory that dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about
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2 main things all scientists agree on when it comes to sleep?
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1. acetylcholine turns on REM sleep
2. the forebrain plays an important role in dreams |
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what are the 6 myths of hypnosis?
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1. trance-like state where amazing things happen
2. hypnotic phenomena are unique 3. its a sleep-like state 4. people are unaware of their surroundings 5. people forget what happened 6. it enhances memory |
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what are the 2 theories of hypnosis?
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sociocognitive theory and dissociation theory
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past life regression theory
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therepeutic approach that hypnotizes and supposedly age-regresses patients to a previous life to identify the source of a present day problem
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sociocognitive theory
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peoples attitudes, beliefs, motivations and expectations about hypnosis as well as their ability to respond to suggestions, all shape their responses to hypnosis
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dissociation theory
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approach to explaining hypnosis based on a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated
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who created the dissociation theory?
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Ernest Hilgard
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what is the definition of dissociation?
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a division of conciousness
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psychoactive drugs
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substance that contains chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons
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2 depressants and their effects?
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alcohol, valium
decreased activity of the CNS |
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2 stimulants and their effects?
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tobacco, cocaine
increased activity of the CNS |
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2 opiates and their effects?
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heroin, morphine
sense of euphoria and decreased pain |
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2 psychedelics and their effects
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maryJ and ecstasy
dramatically alter perception and mood |
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difference between substance abuse and substance dependence?
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substance abuse is when the substance becomes a habit and effects family and work, but dependence is when it is a physical need and leads to withdrawal and distress
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physical dependence
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dependence on a drug that occurs when people continue to take it to avoid withdrawal symptoms
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psychological dependence
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dependence on a drug that occurs when continued use is motivated by intense cravings
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what is an emotion?
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mental state or feeling associated with our evaluation of our experiences
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what is the "wrong" theory of emotion?
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that anger, guilt and sadness are toxic emotions, when really even negative emotions are crucial to survival
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discrete emotions theory
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theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology
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what are the 7 primary emotions?
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anger, fear, surprise, happiness, contempt, sadness and disgust
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secondary emotions
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like the secondary colors on the color wheel, they are a mix of the primary emotions, like disgust and alarm
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display rules
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cross-cultural guidelines for when and how to express emotions
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what are cognitive theories of emotions?
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theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking
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explain the process of the James-Lang theory
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stimuli --> physical response --> emotion
( see a bear--> shake --> know you are scared) |
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explain the process of the 2 factor theory
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stimuli --> undiffirentiable arousal --> seek to explain --> label feeling
(see a model --> heart beats --> realize you are attracted to them) |
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cannon-bear theory
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stimuli --> emotional and bodily reaction at the same time
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facial feedback theory
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theory that blood vessels in face feed back temp info in the brain, altering our experience of emotion
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positive emotions
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discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths
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defensive pessimism
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strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for this expectation by mentally over preparing for negative outcomes
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broaden and build theory
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theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly
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9 factors that tend to increase happiness
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marriage, friendship, college, religion, political affiliation, exercise, gratitude, giving, flow
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positive effect
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tendency for people to remember more positive than negative things with age
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what is affective forecasting and why are we bad at it?
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predicting our own and others happiness; we overestimate the long term impact of events on our moods
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durability bias
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belief that both our good and bad moods will last longer than they do
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hedonic treadmill
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tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances
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motivation
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psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction
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drive-reduction theory
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theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that fix those states
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explain the Yerkes-Dodson law
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the U shaped relation between arousal and performance- underaroused people wont do well in meets, and super psyched people wont do well either
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approach vs. avoidance
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predisposition toward and away from a stimuli
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incentive theories
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theories proposing that we're often motivated by positive goals
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example of intrinsic motivation
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feeling of accomplishment after you win a swim meet
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example of extrinsic motivation
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winning a medal after winning a meet
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hierarchy of needs and who created the model?
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Maslow; must satisfy basic needs or safety and security before progressing to more complex needs
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