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276 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
learning
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some experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
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habituation
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a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding
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habituation experiment
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rats startled with loud tones w/in 5 min, vs over 11days, quick habituation but startled the next day vs slow habituation
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classical conditioning
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when a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response (Pavlov)
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unconditioned stimulus (US)
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something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism
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unconditioned response (UR)
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a reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
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a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism
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conditioned response (CR)
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a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus
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acquisition
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the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together
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second-order conditioning
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conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS (black square with tone = salivation, despite no food)
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extinction
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gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented
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spontaneous recovery
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the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
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savings
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conditioned learning revived very quickly, no matter how much extinction is done
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generalization
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CT is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition (use to show animals detect octaves b/c generalize better)
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discrimination
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capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
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Watson and Rayner with little albert
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9-month old, loud noise paired with rat, then rabbit, santa claus mask also produce fear, shows that emotions (not just hunger) can be conditioned
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amygdala (central nucleus)
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plays central role for emotional conditioning, esp fear
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Rescorla-Wagner model
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conditioning is easier when the CS is an unfamiliar event
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food aversion
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much more quickly learned conditioning (evolution advantage)
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biological preparedness
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a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others (heights, food etc)
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operant conditioning
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a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeatedin the future
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Thorndike's puzzle box
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for cats, concealed lever=> food (Law of effect)
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law of effect
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behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated
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operant behavior
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behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment
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skinner box
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rats, pigeons
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reinforcer
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any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
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punisher
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any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it
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primary vs secondary reinforcers
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primary are needs based (Food, comfort, shelter, warmth) vs secondary are based on primary thorugh conditioning (money)
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premack principle
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reinforcer is the preferred activity
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overjustification effect
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when external rewards can undermine intrinsic satisfaction for performing a behavior (eg drawing)
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context
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matters for learning (pigeons pecking to Monet vs picasso)
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fixed interval schedule (FI)
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reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made
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variable interval schedule (VI)
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behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement
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fixed ratio schedule (FR)
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reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made
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variable ratio schedule (VR)
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the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses
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intermittent reinforcement
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when only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement
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intermittent-reinforcement effect
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the fact hat operant behaviors are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement
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shaping
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learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior
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superstitions
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behavior that has been accidentally reinforced
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dopamine
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neurotramsitter associated with pleasure, probable neural cause of operant conditioning
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cognitive elements of operant conditioning
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produces expectation which produces behavior (rats run faster if small reward, then big reward)
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latent learning
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something is learned but is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future (rats who are left in maze for week, then given reward do the same as rats with reward all along)
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cognitive map
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mental representation of the physical features of the environment (tolman's rats navigate new maze with same placement of end goal)
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Breland's pigs and raccoons
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associate coin with food => treat the coin like food
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observational learning
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learning takes place by watching the actions of others (even things like fear)
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Bandura experiment with Bobo doll
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child toys, but observe adult playing violently with bobo, then can play with bobo => will imitate adult
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mirror neurons
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fire when you perform the action and when you watch it performed
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implicit learning
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learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition
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experiment about implicit learning
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artificial grammar in a string of letters, learn those faster than nongrammatical, changes little over life-time, not affected by IQ, dot structure constellations can be processed equally by explicit and implicit learning
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consciousness
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person's subjective experience of the world and the mind
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cartesian theater
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a mental screen or stage on which things appear to be presented for viewing by your mind's eye
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phenomenology
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how things seem to the conscious person
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problem of other minds
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the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others
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mind/body problem
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the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body
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timing of conscious will
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brain activity begins => conscious wish to act => finger movement
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4 basic properties of consciousness
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intentionality (it's about something), unity of consciousness (no multi-tasking), selectivity of consciousness, transience of consciousness
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dichotic listening
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in which people wearing headphones are presented with different messages in each ear (repeat aloud one ear, tune out other ear)
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cocktail party phenomenon
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people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby
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minimal consciousness
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consciousness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior
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full consciousness
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know and are able to report your mental state
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self-conscious
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the person's attention is drawn to the self as an object (depression, looking into a mirror)
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Gallup experiment (chimps)
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see self-consciousness of chimps with red dye over eyebrow, will wipe off in mirror
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mental control
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the attempt to change conscious states of mind
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thought suppression
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conscious avoidance of a thought
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rebound effect of thought suppression
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the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression
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ironic processes of mental control
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ironic errors occur because the mental processs that monitors errors can itself produce them
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dynamic unconscious (Freud)
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an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces (where simple answers come from)
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repression
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a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness
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freudian slips
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what is on your mind, defeat repression! "shad bock" => "bad shock"
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unconscious decisions can be better
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as in the roommate question, though maybe not with "enemy loses"
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cognitive unconsicious
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the mental processes that give rise to the person's thoughts, choices, emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person
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subliminal perception
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a thought or behavior that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving
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Bargh's study
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complete sentences with age-related words, then walk more slowly down the hall
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altered state of consciousness
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a form of experience that departs significantly fromt he normal subjective experience of the world and the mind
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hypnagogic state
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hypnic jerk, presleep consciousness
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circadian rhythm
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a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle (well, 25.1)
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REM sleep
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a stage o sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity (like beta waves of awake), dream time (occurs in real time)
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electrooculograph (EOG)
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a ddevice to measure eye movements
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Sleep deprivation
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record is 264hours in humans, rats die in 21 days, need REM sleep (aggression, memory problems, more REM the next night), slow wave sleep = physical exhaustion
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insomnia
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difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep (best to give up trying so hard. or sleep pills)
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sleep apnea
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a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep (usually snores)
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somnambulism
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a person arises and walks around while asleep (more common in children)
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narcolepsy
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a disorder in which sudden sleep attack occur in the middle of waking activities (REM) probably genetic
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sleep paralysis
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the experience of waking up unable to move
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night terrors
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abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal
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5 aspects that make dream different from awake
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emotion (intense), thought is illogical, sensation is fully formed, critical acceptance, difficulty of remembering afterwards
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manifest content
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a dream's apparent topic or superficial meaning
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latent content
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a dream's true underlying meaning (when asked to not think about a person before bed, dream more about them)
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activation-synthesis model
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dreams are produced when the mind attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs in the brain during sleep
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psychoactive drugs
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chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering the brain's chemical message system
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drug tolerance
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the tendency for larger drug doses to be required over time to acheive the same effect
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depressants
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substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system (eg alcohol, barbiturates etc)
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expectancy theory
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alcohol effects are produced by people's expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations
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balanced placebo design
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behavior is observed following the presence or absence of an actual and placebo stimulus (which they perceive to be actual and or placebo)
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alcohol myopia
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alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations
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stimulants
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substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels (caffeine, nicotine, cocaine and ecstasy), heighten dopamine and norepinephrine levels
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narcotics/opiates
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drugs derived from opium (poppy seeds) that are capable of relieving pain
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endorphins or endogenous opiates
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neurotransmitters that are closely related to opiates (role in coping with pain and stress)
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harm reduction approach
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a response to high-risk behaviors that focuses on reducing the harm such behaviors have on people's lives
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hallucinogens
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drugs that alter sensation and perception, often causing hallucinations (lsd, mescaline, pcp, etc)
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hypnosis
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an altered state of consciousness characterized by suggestibility and the feelign taht one's actions are occurring involuntarily
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posthypnotic amnesia
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the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget
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hypnotic analgesia
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the reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are hypnotically susceptible (more effective than drugs or anasthesia)
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meditation
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the practice of intentional contemplation
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stressors
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specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's well-being
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stress
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the physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors
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chronic stressors
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sources of stress that occur continuously or repeatedly
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perceived control
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good way to manage stress
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catecholamines
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biochemicals indicating the activation of emotional systems
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fight-or-flight response
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an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action (Cannon)
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HPA axis
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hair stands on end, hypothalamus => pituatary gland => adreneocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) => adrenal glands on the kidneys => catecholamines => increase sympathetic nervous system
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general adaption syndrome (GAS)
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three-stage physiological response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) (probably glucocorticoids)
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immune system
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complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances
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lymphocytes
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cells that produce antibodies that fight infection
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studies showing stress-weakened immune system
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Alzheimer's caretakers less immune to flu shots, medical student volunteers with cuts on their mouth heal more slowly during exams, catch a cold
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Type A behavior pattern
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tendency toward easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings (2/3 had heart attacks
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stress interpretation
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primary appraisal (stress ---yes/no), secondary appraisal (do I have control?)
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Posttraumatic stress disorder
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chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind
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Gilbertson on PTSD
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twin study, vietnam vets, brother without combat also has a smaller hippocampus
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burnout
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a state fo physical, emotional and metnal exhaustion created by longterm involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lowered performance and motivation
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repressive coping
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avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint
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rational coping
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facing the stressor and working to overcome it (acceptance, exposure, understanding)
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reframing
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finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat
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stress inoculation training (SIT)
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helps people cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation
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self-disclosure writing
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helps reduce stress (in college students)
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relaxation therapy
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a technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body (just thinking about an actions causes muscle tension, EMG)
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relaxation response
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a condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure
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biofeedback
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the use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function (can control temp etc)
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aerobic exercise as a depression treatment
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worked for mildly depressed college women
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social support
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aid gained through interacting with others (eg macaque monkeys in unstable social groups have immune suppression
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tend and befriend
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women release oxytocin, not as much flight or fight, but rather social response
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humor's effect on health
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short term helpful, long term die younger
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Pennebaker and coughs
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occur in more boring lectures, one triggers others
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placebo effect
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clinically significant psychological or physiological response to a therapeutically inert substance or procedure (portions of the brain normally activated in pain are not, possibly release of endorphins)
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psychosomatic illness
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interaction between mind and body that can produce illness
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somatofrom disorders
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the patient displays physical symptoms not fully explained by a general medical condition
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hypochondriasis
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a psychological disorder in which a person is preoccupied with minor symptoms and develops an exaggerated belief that the symptoms signify a life-threatening illness
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somatization disorder
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combinations of multiple physical complaints that have no medical explanation
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conversion disorder
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a disorder characterized by apparently debilitating physical symptoms that appear to be voluntary--but that the person experiences as involuntary
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sick role
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a socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness (malingering)
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optimism and hardiness
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are good for you
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self-regulation
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the exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards (may have a finite amount, so choose battles and eat cookies)
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ice cream study
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when asked to perform a stressful task, dieters ate more ice cream in a taste test than non-dieters
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selectivity study
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Feingold, "would you go out tonight" or "would you go to bed with me?" 1/2 agree to go out, no women bed, 3/4 men bed, also cultures with lower costs of sex => women are less selective (birth control, collective child rearing etc)
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mere exposure effect
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tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure
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secret relationships
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perversely special
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passionate love
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an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy and intense sexual attraction
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companionate love
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an experience involving affection, trust and concern for a partner's well-being
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social exchange
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hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits
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comparison level
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the cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship
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equity
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a state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal
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psychological or mental disorders
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symptoms reflecting abnormalities of the mind
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medical model
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the conceptualization of psychological abnormalities as diseases that, like biological diseases, have symptoms and causes and possible cures
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DSM-IV-TR
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(diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders) a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems (strives for observable behavior instead of interpretation-based criteria)
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key elements that must be present for a mental disorder
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disturbances in behavior, thoughts or emotions
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comorbidity
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the co-occorrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
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diathesis-stress model
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a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
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intervention-causation fallacy
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if a treatment is effective it must address teh cause of the problem
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anxiety disorders
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the class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature
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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms
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phobic disorders
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disorders characterized by marked, persistent and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations
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specific phobia
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a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function
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social phobia
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irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
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preparedness theory
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people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears (toy rabbits are much more difficult than spiders, also heritable)
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panic disorder
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the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror (possibly due to sodium lactate....fear of fear)
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agoraphobia
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extreme fear of venturing into public places
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OCD
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disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual's functioning (preparedness theory--often tied to germs etc)
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dissociative disorder
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a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness or personality that can very in length from a matter of minutes to many years
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Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
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the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual's behavior (host personality and alters, usually occurs with severe childhood abuse/trauma)
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dissociative amnesia
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the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information
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dissociative fugue
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the sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption fo a new identity
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mood disorders
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mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature
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major depressive disorder
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severely depressed mood that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy and sleep and appetite disturbances (norepinephrine and serotonin, genetics the more severe it is)
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dysthymia
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the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer, persisting for at least 2 years
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double depression
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moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression
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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal patternsness theory
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bipolar disorder
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an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression) (sig minority highly creative)
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schizophrenia
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a disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes
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delusion
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patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality
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hallucination
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a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation (often auditory)
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disorganized speech
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severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic
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grossly disorganized behavior
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behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances
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catatonic behavior
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marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity
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negative symptoms
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emotional and social withdrawal
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dopamine hypothesis
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idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity (probably not...)
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expressed emotion
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emotional overinvolvement (intrusiveness) and excessive criticism directed toward the former patient by his or her family (causes relapses)
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personality disorders
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characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning (best diagnosed through peer nominations)
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antisocial personality disorder (APD)
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pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood
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evolutionary psychology
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the brain, mind and behavior are all products of evolution and natural selection
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variation
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individuals within a population vary
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heritability
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pass on adaptive traits to the next generation
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adaptation
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inherited characteristic passed down through natural selection because it helped to solve a problem of survival or reproduction
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parental investment theory
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the sex that invests greater resources in offspring will evolve to be more discriminating in selecting a mate
the other sex will evolve to be more competitive with its own sex for access to the high-investing sex |
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polygyny
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high female, low male involvement
mammals sexual dimorphism males taller |
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sexual dimorphism
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expensive for survival, good for reproductive success
eg peacocks, deer antlers |
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monogomy
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equivalent male/female investment
birds, foxes, coyotes, some rodents little difference in size |
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Prairie vs meadow voles
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shows diff between monogamous and polyagamous
monogomous prairie have smaller hippocampus, worse spatial abilities |
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polyandry
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high male/low female
some fish, insects females are larger, more active, aggressive, stronger |
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polugynandry
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parental investment in the group
chimps and bonobos paternity confusion harmonious |
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humans look for ____ in a mate:
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good financial prospect (women more than men)
good looks (males slightly more) |
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naturalistic fallacy
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just because it's natural, doesn't mean it's right
Hume, GE Moore theory of evolution describes what "is" not what "ought to" no ethical justification |
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women like men who are (physically):
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tall+good abs
(upside down triangle) |
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men like women who are (physically):
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skin + hip to waist ratio
hourglass |
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attractive facial features:
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perceptions of beauty are to some extent innate and universal across cultures
symmetry, avg of population's faces (but some are more attractive, so the avg of the most beautiful is more beautiful than avg of everyone) in general prefer a feminized face (ovulation=masculinized) |
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gay/lesbian preferences
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gay men: similar to straight men, with even more emphasis on youth and physical attractiveness
lesbian: similar to heterosexual women, but care less about youth and physical attractiveness |
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closing time phenomenon
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rating of attractiveness goes up as the evening goes on, especially in males
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touching and sexual advances
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women do much more touching when ovulating
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classical conditioning
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associating stimuli
acquisition => extinction=> spontaneous recovery |
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operant conditioning
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associating behavior and consequence
instrumental conditioning the process of changing behavior by following a response with a reinforcement the subject's behavior determines an outcome and is affected by that outcome eg Thorndike's box, skinner's box |
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Pavlov's dogs
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salivate at the metronome/tone
ex of classical conditioning unconditioned stimulus (food) => unconditioned response (salivate) associate unconditioned stimulus with conditioned stimulus, then => conditioned response (salivate) Dwight on The Office |
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Universal disgust
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probably learned: babies play with feces
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Watson experiment (fear conditioning)
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baby with a rat + gong => fear
contextual fear |
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contextual fear
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conditioning is hippocampus and amygdala dependent
eg rats only shocked in a certain sort of cage |
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extinction
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only after conditioned stimulus is repeatedly given without unconditioned stimulus
most effective if you present unconditioned stimulus briefly on the second day |
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spontaneous recovery
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temporary return of an extinguished response
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stimulus generalization
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extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to similar stimuli
(eg baby fears rabbits too) |
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behaviorism
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only study observable, measurable behaviors, not mental processes
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deterministic
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a universe of identifiable cause-and-effect
if you know about the individual's past experiences, current influences, and genetics, you can predict that individual's behavior |
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***environment's role in behavior
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our environment selects and perpetuates successful behaviors
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***Thorndike's law of effect
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responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation (and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur in that situation)
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Thorndike's box
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operant conditioning
cats learn how to open it, then can open it very quickly (trial and error, replicate success) |
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Skinner's box
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schedules of reinforcement
hungry birds and rats taught to "read" |
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chaining behavior
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behaviors are reinforced by opportunities to engage in the next behavior
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remote controlled rats
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awesome
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unconditioned reinforcers
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meet primary biological needs
universal |
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conditioned reinforcers
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are effective because they have come to be associated with unconditioned reinforcers
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Schedules of Reinforcement
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continuous reinforcement: provides reinforcement every time a response occurs
intermittent reinforcement: ratio: Reinforcement depends on the number of responses given by the individual. interval: Reinforcement depends on the amount of time that has passed since the last reinforcement. |
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variable ratio schedule
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provides reinforcement after a variable number of correct responses, usually an avg % in the long run (slot machines)
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fixed ratio schedule
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provides reinforcement only after a fixed number of correct responses have been made
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variable interval schedule
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provides reinforcement after a variable amount of time has passed
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fixed interval schedule
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provides reinforcement after a specific time interval
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studies associating sleep with good things:
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Kripke et al: neither too little nor too much is good for death rate
Sadeh: reaction time, memory, responsiveness better with 1 more hour of sleep (in kids) |
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electroencephalogram (EEG)
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measures brain waves, we can see sleep cycles
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Stages of sleep
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4 of them
REM + slow wave are most important |
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restoration theory
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slow wave allows the body to recover from the day
eg after running a marathon you have more slow wave for a few days |
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preservation theory
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after basic needs are fulfilled (eat, mate etc) preserve energy and safety
20hr for bats down to 2.9hrs for horse: depends on food (nutritional value: bugs vs grass) and predators (mallard keeps half brain awake if sleeping on the end) |
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circadian rhythms
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cycles of activity and inactivity usually lasting about 25.1 hours
synchronized by light easier to travel East=> West monday morning brain fog = jet lag |
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REM sleep
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body paralyzed, brain active
deprivation makes one irritable, anxious and distracted when deprived, brains will produce (proportionately) more of it infants > children > adults time of vivid dreams |
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Freud's theory of dreams
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reveal the dreamer's unconscious thoughts and motivations
dream images: symbolic expressions of powerful, unconscious, repressed wishes, censored by defense mechanisms problems: subjective and not falsifiable |
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latent content
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hidden content, represented only in symbols (of a dream)
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manifest content
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the surface content (of a dream according to Freud)
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neural exercise theory of dreams
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activation preserves circuitry to prevent neuronal degeneration
dreams are side effect of the brain trying to make sense of this random activity |
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memory consolidation theory of dreams
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eg: study ability to learn task (detect letter and orientation in briefly flashed image) much better after sleeping (other wise, no improvement), also more sleep the better although even 30 min nap gave a dramatic improvement
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What do MIT rats dream of?
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mazes
(hippocampal patterns similar) |
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Yerkes-Dodson law
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optimal level of "arousal", overly motivated is fine on the easy stuff, but in difficult tasks harms performance
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choking
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caused by: high anxiety, overattending
prevent: perform for yourself, set realistic goals, positive self-talk, imagery/meditation/prayer/relaxation techniques meditation: afterwards you respond to stimuli better |
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Sterberg's Triangular theory (of love)
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Intimacy: feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bonding (comes from sharing things you wouldn't with other people)
passion: drive that leads to romance, physical attraction and sex commitment: the decision that one loves another and the commitment (often in public) to maintain the love |
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types of love
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non-love, liking (casual friend), infatuated love (love at first sight), empty love (arranged marriage or stale marriage), romantic love (friends with benefits), companionate love (best friend), fatuous love, consumate love (see chart in lecture slides)
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the big three reasons for love
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proximity: study in Manhattan (closer apartments=more love) + distance between doors on campus
similarity familiarity: words you've seen before (in a new language), you are more likely to like |
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the more interesting four reasons for love
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competence (but pratfall effect!)
physical attractiveness gain-loss effect misattribution of arousal |
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classic pratfall effect experiment
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U of Texas, also Santa Cruise: listen to a student interview for a game show, perfect person vs mediocre candidate
when they spill coffee on a new suit, it polarizes (like the perfect candidate more, the mediocre guy less) |
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Minnesota blind date computer dance
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computer sets up couples randomly
knew how they rated their date on warmth, sensitivity, intelligence, compassion, good looks only good looks was a predictor of calling for a second date |
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"Frizzy wig" experiment
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confederate who is made either attractive or not (frizzy wig)
grad students interviewing for a study: do you want feedback? beautiful: liked when she said good things, didn't like when she said bad things (but more likely to follow up) ugly: didn't care what she said |
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gain-loss effect
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more sensitive to changing states
first derivative of view is more important than the view itself |
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misattribution of arousal
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coffee!
"rickity bridge" experiment: content of story scored for romantic content, rickity bridge is more romantic than stable bridge (but! selection bias) "painful shock" experiment: "wait here for the electric shock experiment" , fill out a questionnaire while you wait...how attractive is the research assistant? "running-in-place" experiment: wait for the experiment vs hop on the treadmill "playboy centerfold" experiment frat boys judge attractiveness of centerfolds for the last 5 years told that amplify sound of own heart through headphones actually listening to the sound of a tape-recorded heart, speed it up at certain intervals |
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why do people stay in abusive relationships?
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mostly trapped (eco, soc)
some is misattribution of arousal |
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health-enhancing behaviors
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surveillance, diet, exercise, seeking care
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health-impairing behaviors
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smoking, drugs, unprotected sex
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socio-eco status and health
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more likely to die earlier or get diseases if you are lower in socio-eco status
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social ties and susceptibility to the common cold
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those who participate in more diversified social networks live longer (marriage, family interactions, friends, neighbors, fellow workers, social and religious groups)
the more social, the less susceptible to the cold |
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type A personality
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a tendency towards easily arouse hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency and competitive achievement strivings
higher risk of disease: but only with hostility not necessarily time urgency |
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test of working memory
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monkeys, look at center, hold peripheral dot's location in mind = higher spatially specific neural activity
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stress interferes with working memory because:
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causes release of norepinephrine, an activator of protein kinase C (PKC)
high levels of PKC, which regulates neuron excitability, disrupts working memory in the prefrontal cortex (blocking PKC stopped the effect) |
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how to cope with stress
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achieve (feeling of) control
repressive coping rational coping reframing |
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repressive coping
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avoidance, artificially positive view point (not the best)
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rational coping
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facing the stressor and working to overcome it
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reframing
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finding a new or creative way to think about the stressor
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
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obsession: intrusive disturbing, unwelcome stream of thought
compulsion: repetitive, almost irresistible actions 2-3% at some point suffer exposure therapy heightened activity in the caudate nucleus (habitat learning mechanism?) drug therapy that increases seratonin levels reduces caudate nucleus activity |
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obsession
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intrusive, disturbing, unwelcome stream of thought
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compulsion
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repetitive, almost irresistible actions
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specific phobias
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treat if it affects your everyday life or work
intense, *irrational* fear most fears are learned, either directly or through observation |
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treatment for phobias
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behavior therapy: if behavior is learned, it can be unlearned
-use learning to achieve clearly set goals -flooding or implosion: expose to the most extreme form of the phobia -systematic desensitization: reduce fear by gradually exposing people to the object of their fear medication |
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mental disorders
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like any other illness (possibly more stigma)
biological perspective: genetic factors, brain chemistry, hormones, infectious disease sociocultural perspective: product of larger culture psychological perspective: -psychodynamic theories: unresolved mental conflicts -cognitive and behavioral theories: learned, maladaptive habits of thinking and behavior |
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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal
smaller hippocampus => more likely to get PTSD (twin bros of Iraqi soldiers with PTSD had smaller hippocampi than normal soldier twins), also hippocampus shrinks in rats |
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symptoms of PTSD
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re-experiencing symptoms (recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma)
hyperarousal (chronic, persistent arousal, "on edge", sleeping problems) avoidance of things that call the event to mind, emotional detachment, numbness |
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help PTSD by:
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being a good listener
positive distractions therapist/doctor gradual improvement |