Psych Exam #2

Front 1

Associative Learning

Back 1

Learning process where a connection between two events is made. The two types are Classical and Operant

Front 2

Classical Conditioning

Back 2

The learning process by which one stimulus becomes a signal associated with another stimulus. Four types: UCS, UCR, CS, and CR

Front 3

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Back 3

A stimulus that naturally causes a specific response that elicits a reflex.

Front 4

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Back 4

Natural reaction, requires no learning

Front 5

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 5

Stimuli that elicits a response only after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 6

Conditioned Response

Back 6

A learned response given to a previously neutral repsonse

Front 7

Acquisition

Back 7

Classical: associate a conditioned stimulus with a unconditioned stimulus.

Operant: associate responses with a punisher/reinforcer

Front 8

Extinction

Back 8

The process of eliminating a response by discontinuing reinforcement of it

eliminating CR thru CS without UCS

Front 9

Spontaneous recovery

Back 9

Occurs when a CS is presented following extinction and the passage time.

Front 10

Generalization

Back 10

When a stimuli results similarly to the CS without conditioning similar stimulants

Front 11

Discrimination

Back 11

The process where responses are restricted to specific stimuli (not responding to similar stimuli)

Front 12

Second Order Conditioning

Back 12

CS1 and CS 2 learned after learning CS1, Basically CS1 becomes UCS for CS2

Front 13

Law of Effect

Back 13

Thorndike, Basis of Operant conditioning, Behavior with satisfying conseq. strengthened, punishment will be weakened

Front 14

Positive Reinforcement

Back 14

A satisfying conseq. of behavior that increases probability of that response occurring again

Front 15

Negative reinforcement

Back 15

A satisfying conseq. that involves the removal of or escape from an unpleasant situation following appropriate response

Front 16

Punishment

Back 16

Procedure that leads to a decrease in strength or frequency of the response

Front 17

Shaping

Back 17

development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of the desired outcome

Front 18

Primary reinforcer

Back 18

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one the satisfies a biological need

Front 19

SecondaRy (Conditioned) Reinforcer

Back 19

A stimulus such as money and praise that promotes behavior

Front 20

Avoidance Conditioning

Back 20

Learning to avoid negative stimulus, avoids = no negative reinforcement

Front 21

Escape conditioning

Back 21

organism performs a response that terminates or avoids an unpleasant event (Aversive Stimulus)

Front 22

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Back 22

the presentation of a reinforcer every time behavior happens

Front 23

Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement schedule

Back 23

reinforces behavior some of the time, ratio interval schedule

Front 24

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Back 24

Reinforcement following every specified number of reponses

Front 25

Variable Ratio (VR)

Back 25

Reinforcement occurs following an unpredictable or average number of responses

Front 26

Fixed Interval (FI)

Back 26

Reinforcement occurs following the first response after a specific amount of time

Front 27

Variable Interval (VI)

Back 27

Reinforcement occurs following the first response after an unpredictable or average amount of time

Front 28

Cognitive learning Theory

Back 28

Learning is not a mindless mechanical process of association, but rather intervening mental process such as thinking and memory play an important role

Front 29

Expectancy

Back 29

Operant: the predictability of the reinforcing event

Classical: the acquisition of how likely it is that a UCS will occur

Front 30

Latent Learning

Back 30

Occurs when in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated by an immediately observable change in behavior at the time of learning, aka hidden learning

Front 31

Cognitive map

Back 31

mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Front 32

Intrinsic motivation

Back 32

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Front 33

Extrinsic motivation

Back 33

A desire to perform a behavior due to expected rewards or to avoid being punished

Front 34

Observational learning

Back 34

individual acquires a behavior by observing someone else performing that behavior, without reinforcement

Front 35

Modeling

Back 35

The process of observing and imitating

Front 36

Social learning theory

Back 36

Concept that people don't need to directly experience events to learn, Albert Bandura

Front 37

Behaviorism

Back 37

Psych should only study overt behavior without reference to mental processes

Front 38

Pavlov

Back 38

Basis of Classical Conditioning, Pavlov's bell

Front 39

Tolman

Back 39

Cognitive maps in animals

Front 40

Skinner

Back 40

Researched operant conditioning, Skinner Box, concepts of positive reinforcement, shaping and cumulative records

Front 41

Thorndike

Back 41

Developed Law of Effect which formed the foundation of operant conditioning

Front 42

Bandura

Back 42

Researched the role of observation and imitation in learning which led to social learning theory