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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sir Francis Galton
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Studied Intelligence.
Came up with criteria for Intelligence: 1.) head size 2.) speed 3.) Muscular strength 4.) Detection of differences - heritability of intelligence (eugenics) |
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Lewis Terman
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IQ test
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IQ test
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mental age/actual age x 100
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Wechsler Adult Intel Scale (2 subscales?)
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Verbal & Performance
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Spearman's Theory of Intelligence
Define G |
Intel is composed of 1 factor, G
G = general intelligence |
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Raymond Cattell
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Crystallized Intel- knowledge, includ. verbal ability
Fluid Intel- deal with novel info (inductive reasoning) verbal ability- older better at this inductive ability- younger better at this |
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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
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Practical
Creative Analytical |
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Robert Rescorla
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Classical conditioning
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Edward Thorndike
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Operant Conditioning. Puzzle box with cats
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Thorndike's Law of effect
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Responses that produce a satisfying effect become more likely to occur again
Negative effect " " |
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BF Skinner
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Skinner box. Operant conditioning
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Skinner's Theory:
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all behaviors can be learned through response continginces in the environment
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Primary reinforcer
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Air, food, water
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Premack
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A more desirable activity can incr the activity of something less desirable
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Hardest reinforcement to extinguish
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variable ratio (eg. slot machines)
Ratio more resistant than interval |
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Positive reinforcement eg
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hug after potty training
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Negative reinforcement
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ringing in car stops after seat belt is buckled
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reinforcement
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incr in behavior
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punishment
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decr in behavior
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positive punishment
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spanking if draw on walls
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Negative punishment
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take away TV if break curfew
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shaping
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successive approximations
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E.C. Tolman
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learning vs. performance
reinforcement more imp for performance than it is for learning |
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Albert Bandura
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Bobo doll
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Inductive
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specific --> general (what math rule is this?)
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Deductive
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general --> specific
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availability bias
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eg. don't want to fly after plane crash
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representative bias
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new situation interpreted based on prototype
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Wolfgang Kohler
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problem-solving with chimps
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Gardner
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Multiple inteligences (8)
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current conceptualizations of Intel
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1. Mental speed
2. Adaptability to novelty 3. working memory capacity 4. mental self-regulation |
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Mischel
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studied abilities of children.
Delay of Gratification |
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Stability of IQ scores
r (IQ, income) = r (IQ, social status) = r (IQ, academic achievement) = |
r (IQ, income) = .4
r (IQ, social status) = .5 r (IQ, academic achievement) = .5 |
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Appetite control center ?
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Hypothalamus
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Damage ventromedial region of hypothalamus?
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unable to stop eating ==> FAT
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damage lateral region of hypothalamus?
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stop eating ==> Starve
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Peptide YY
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imp for appetite suppression
- released 15 min after meal |
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leptin (knock out gene for this?)
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overeat
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obese people have higher/lower levels of leptin?
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higher levels (they overeat)
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lesion in basal ganglia
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rats don't work for anything
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wanting (NT?)
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dopamine
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liking (NT?)
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endorphins
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cocaine (wanting or liking?)
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wanting. addicts stop enjoying it but still have cravings
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parkinson's (NT, location in brain)
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depletion of dopamine in substantia nigra
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Reward system in brain called?
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medial forebrain bundle
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Paul Ekman
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studied basic emotions
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Ekman's findings
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facial expressions are inherent (blind babies make same expressions)
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James-Lange
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phys response bc of subj feeling
"Heart pounding bc I'm afraid" |
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Cannon-Bard
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simultaneous- phys response & subj feeling
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Schacter & Singer
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Two-factor theory
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis
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Facial muscles make face --> signal sent to brain --> brain tells you what you're feeling
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microexpressions
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to detect liars
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amygdala
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emotion, fear
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slow route of fear expression
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eyes --> thalamus --> visual cortex --> amygdala
ETVA |
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fast route of fear expression
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eyes --> thalamus --> amygdala
ETA |
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Piaget
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father of cognitive development
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Piaget's theory of cognitive development
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schemes, assimilation, accomodations, disEQ --> pushed into new state of cog dev
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4 stages of cog dev
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Sensorimotor
Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operations |
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egocentrism & conservation in which stages?
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preoperational
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phoneme
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elementary vowel & consonant sounds
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babies distinguish between phonemes of diff languages before ? months
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6 months
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"fast mapping"
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how quickly children acquire vocab
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Berko study
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1 wug, 2 wugs
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Noam Chomskey
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"humans come into the world ready to learn language"
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consciousness
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subj experience or awareness of internal and external events
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Levels of consciousness
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conscious
minimally conscious vegetative general anesthetic coma brain dead |
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the interpreter
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left brain attempts to make sense of events. esp when they choose stuff that they see on the left side but their mute right brain can't explain.
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pineal gland
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releases melatonin
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sleep spindles purpose?
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helps us stay asleep
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2 theories of hypnosis
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sociocognitive theory- highly susceptible to suggestions
dual consciousness- observer and participant |
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activation of anterior cingulate
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response conflict
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default network
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part of brain that is active when not involved in a task
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Psychoactive drug types:
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stimulants
depressants opiates/narcotics hallucinogens |
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stimulants
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caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, meth
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depressants
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alcohol, valium, anesthesia
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opiates/narcotics
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opium, oxytocin, oxycotin, morphine, heroin
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hallucinogens
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MJ, PCP, LSD, psilocybin
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stimulants
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incr effectiveness of dopamine and norepinephrine NTs
incr NS activity |
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depressants
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decr NS activty
incr effectiveness of GABA and dopamine |
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opiates/narcotics
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decr NS activity
mimics endorphins |
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hallucinogens
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distort sensations and perceptions
mimics serotonin |
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Babinski
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baby's feet spreads out then curls when tickled
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Moro
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startle reflex. babies fling arms out then back
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John Watson
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Little albert
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Pavlovian conditioning sequence
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UCS --> UCR
UCS + CS --> UCR CS --> CR |
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systematic densensitization
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Classical conditioning to help people's fears
1. relaxation training 2. Construction of anxiety hierarchy 3. Densensitization |
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Bowlby
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studied orphaned children
Attachment is promoted by instinctive tendencies |
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Attachment bond
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caregiving response is instinctive
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age of stranger anxiety
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6-8 months
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Harlow
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quality of attachment. (studied monkeys and their fake mothers)
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Ainsworth
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stranger situation test
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4 types of attachment behavior
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1. Secure- upset but easily consoled
2. Anxious Resistant- upset and not easily consoled 3. Avoidant- baby undisturbed by mother leaving and mom returning 4. Disorganized- dumb baby |
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Baumrind
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parenting styles
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Kohlberg
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Theory of Moral Reasoning
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3 Levels of Moral Development
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1. Preconventional- punishment and reward
2. Conventional- Social Norms 3. Post Conventional- Moral Codes |
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Preconventional
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- Punishment and reward
stage 1: obedience- avoid punishment stage 2: self-interest- bargain |
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Conventional
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- Social Norms
~ Win approval of others ~ maintain social order |
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Post Conventional
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- Moral Codes
~ exceptions to the law ~ abstract principles (we don't need laws) |
