Psych Exam 2

Front 1

Consciousness

Back 1

States of awareness of our world and ourselves. (Levels)

Front 2

Awake

Back 2

Most time spent.

Front 3

Conscious Processes

Back 3

Demand attention and focus.

Front 4

Preconscious Processes

Back 4

Divided attention and less focus.

Front 5

Unconscious Processes

Back 5

Without awareness.

Front 6

Daydreaming and Fantasizing

Back 6

Shift of attention from a task.

Front 7

Psychotic Hallucinations

Back 7

Naturally occurring distorted perceptions without external cause.

Front 8

Altered States (Trance)

Back 8

Meditation, hypnosis, and relaxation training.

Front 9

Altered States (Drug Induced)

Back 9

Stimulants/Anti-depressants, Depressants, Narcotics, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Marijuana.

Front 10

Drug Response is dependent upon:

Back 10

Size, weight, and metabolism
Intake method
Experience
Expectations
Setting
Dosage
Purity
Food

Front 11

Sleep and Dreaming

Back 11

Two distinct states.

Front 12

REM

Back 12

Paradoxical

Front 13

NREM

Back 13

Orthodox

Front 14

Watch Brain Waves

Back 14

EEG

Front 15

Awake

Back 15

Beta waves, high frequency, fast, random.

Front 16

Drowsy

Back 16

Alpha waves, 8-12cps.

Front 17

NREM Stage 1

Back 17

Theta Waves, transition stage, 3-7cps, 8-10min, sleep talking.

Front 18

NREM Stage 2

Back 18

Sleep spindles, sleep stage, 12-14cps, half of night spent in stage 2.

Front 19

NREM Stages 3 and 4

Back 19

Delta waves, deep sleep, .5-2cps, bed wetting, sleep walking, night terrors, takes 30-45min to get here.

Front 20

REM

Back 20

Random, fast waves, brain aroused, hard to wake up, body paralyzed, phasic activity (jerks and twitches), autonomic storms, dreams and nightmares.

Front 21

Purpose of Sleep

Back 21

Restorative Theory - body needs to re-charge.
Adaptive non-responding theory - body is conserving energy.

Front 22

Purpose of Dreams

Back 22

Freud - unconscious wishes.
Cartwright - problem solving.
Hobson/McCarley - activation synthesis theory (PONS): random stimulation of brain cells.

Front 23

Learning

Back 23

Relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience.

Front 24

Classical Conditioning

Back 24

Learning that occurs when two or more stimuli are paired in time.

Front 25

Pavlov's Model

Back 25

Importance of associations. Reflexes, can we train them?

Front 26

US

Back 26

Unconditioned Stimulus: Stimulus that automatically produces a response.

Front 27

UR

Back 27

Unconditioned Response: Response that occurs without any learning.

Front 28

CS

Back 28

Conditioned Stimulus: Neutral cue that gets paired with the US.

Front 29

CR

Back 29

Conditioned Response: Learned response due to the conditioning.

Front 30

Features of CC

Back 30

Timing, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization/discrimination, higher-order conditioning.

Front 31

Timing (CC)

Back 31

Half a second between CS and US

Front 32

Extinction (CC)

Back 32

CS no longer produces CR.

Front 33

Spontaneous Recovery (CC)

Back 33

After a period of rest, the CS will elicit a smaller CR.

Front 34

Generalization/Discrimination (CC)

Back 34

All CS's will cause CR/Only specific CS will cause CR.

Front 35

Higher-order Conditioning

Back 35

Adding CS's to the model.

Front 36

Operant Conditioning

Back 36

Learning that occurs when a response is strengthened or weakened by its consequences.

Front 37

Thorndike

Back 37

Puzzle box (law of effects): Organisms will tend to behave in such a way as to gain pleasure and avoid pain.

Front 38

B.F. Skinner's Model

Back 38

Lesson is in rewards and punishments.

Front 39

S(d)

Back 39

Discriminative Stimulus: Sets the occasion for a response.

Front 40

R

Back 40

Response: Behavior or action.

Front 41

S

Back 41

Consequence: result of behavior or action.

Front 42

Skinner's Model

Back 42

S(d): R ---> S

Front 43

S+ (Consequence of Behavior)

Back 43

Positive Reinforcement: increases probability behavior will continue. (Reward)

Front 44

S- (Consequence of Behavior)

Back 44

Negative Reinforcement: increases probability behavior will continue. (Avoidance or Escape)

Front 45

Sp (Consequence of Behavior)

Back 45

Punishment: decreases probability behavior will continue.

Front 46

Se (Consequence of Behavior)

Back 46

Omission/Extinction: decreases probability behavior will continue. (No Consequence)

Front 47

Features of Operant Conditioning

Back 47

Timing, shaping, generalization/discrimination, reinforcement schedules.

Front 48

Timing (OC)

Back 48

Reward or punishment must be immediate.

Front 49

Shaping (OC)

Back 49

Reinforcing successive approximations to a goal of behavior. (Small Steps)

Front 50

Generalization/Discrimination (OC)

Back 50

All similar Sd will cause R/Only specific Sd will cause R.

Front 51

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (CRF)

Back 51

Reinforced every time proper response occurs. Fast extinction.

Front 52

Partial Reinforcement Schedule

Back 52

Increases resistance to extinction. Ratio and Interval.

Front 53

Ratio

Back 53

Based on work. FR: Fixed Ratio. VR: Variable Ratio.

Front 54

Interval

Back 54

Based on time. FI: Fixed Interval. VI: Variable Interval.

Front 55

Cognitive Learning

Back 55

Learning that involves mental processes.

Front 56

Insight Learning

Back 56

Kohler: Sudden awareness.

Front 57

Latent Learning

Back 57

Tolman: Learning without reward.

Front 58

Observational Learning

Back 58

Bandura: Learning by watching.

Front 59

Memory Involves

Back 59

Encoding, storage, retrieval.

Front 60

Encoding

Back 60

Forming a memory code.

Front 61

Storage

Back 61

Maintaining information.

Front 62

Retrieval

Back 62

Recovering information.

Front 63

Sensory Memory (SM)

Back 63

Brief holding bin (half a second), echoes and icons.

Front 64

Short-term Memory (STM)

Back 64

Limited time (18-25 sec), rehearsal.
Limited capacity (7 plus or minus 2 bits): Miller's magical number.
Chunking.

Front 65

Serial Position Effect

Back 65

Primacy: Items at the beginning of the list. Recency: Items at the end of the list.

Front 66

Long-term Memory (LTM)

Back 66

More permanent memory, unlimited time, unlimited capacity, Tulving's storage systems.

Front 67

Tulving's Storage Systems

Back 67

Episodic: personally experienced.
Semantic: general facts.
Procedural: skills and habits.

Front 68

Retrieval Methods

Back 68

Recall, recognition, cue-dependent, state-dependent, TOT.

Front 69

Recall

Back 69

Reproducing learned material.
1.Rote: verbatim, word-for-word.
2.Reconstruction

Front 70

Recognition

Back 70

Seen it before.

Front 71

Cue-dependent

Back 71

Content or context helps to retrieve information. (Flash Bulb)

Front 72

State-dependent

Back 72

Emotional state helps to retrieve information. (Flash Bulb)

Front 73

TOT (Tip of the Tongue)

Back 73

Retrieval confusion.

Front 74

Decay Theory

Back 74

Ebbinghaus: nonsense syllables. "Use it or loose it."

Front 75

Interference Theory

Back 75

Proactive: forward-working. Retroactive: backwards-working.

Front 76

Motivated Forgetting

Back 76

Freud: unconscious drives to forget.

Front 77

Improving Memory

Back 77

Attention
Mnemonic devices
Over-learning (focused repetition)
SQ3R: survey, question, read, write, recite