Psych Exam 2

Front 1

showing decrease in behavioral response when a stimulus is presented repeatedly

Back 1

habituation

Front 2

response to a stimulus becomes stronger rather than weaker

Back 2

sensitization

Front 3

Father of Behaviorism? Thoughts on introspection? Work?

Back 3

john watson believed introspection was too subjective of data to use for analyzing behavior. Watson taught a phobia with baby Albert thru classical conditiong

Front 4

Watson's influence on Skinner

Back 4

Watson formulated a position known as radical behaviorism, internal states and mental events are not datat for behavior but they could be causes

Front 5

two forms of learning

Back 5

classical and operant conditioning

Front 6

learning in which one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another stimulus or event

Back 6

classical conditioning

Front 7

ivan pavlov

Back 7

physiologist, not psychologist; won the nobel prize for gastic secretion in 1904 and in the meantime stumbled on classic conditoning.
researched salivation in dogs and noticed that the dogs salivated before meat powder, then integrated a tone with the experiment

Front 8

at core of classical conditioning are

Back 8

reflex responses: response that naturally triggerd biological stimuli relevant for organism ex. knee jerks, eye blinks, salivation

Front 9

stimulus that naturally elicits a reflex

Back 9

unconditioned stimulus

Front 10

behavior elicited by unconditioned stimulus

Back 10

unconditioned response

Front 11

stimulus/response with the power to elicit behavior on its association with the unconditioned stimulus

Back 11

conditioned stimulus/response

Front 12

process by which conditioned response is first elicited and gradually increases over multiple trials

Back 12

acquisition

Front 13

when the conditoned response no longer appears with the conditioned stimulus; association broken

Back 13

extinction

Front 14

automatic extension of responding to stimuli that have never been paired with original unconditioned stimuli. ex.

Back 14

stimulus generalization; child gets bitten by large dog and still fears small dogs

Front 15

process by which an organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that are distinct from the conditioned stimulus on the same dimension

Back 15

stimulus discrimination; baby albert is afraid of the furry animal toys not the plastic ones

Front 16

Edward L. Thorndike

Back 16

researched how animals learned; placed cats in puzzle boxes and concluded that they make stimulus-response connections

Front 17

law of effect

Back 17

behavior is followed by a satisfactory consequence it is more likely to be repeated (reinforcement), behavior is followed by an annoyance (punishment) it is less likely to be repeated

Front 18

2 types of schedules of reinforcement

Back 18

continuous reinforcement schedule (reinforced everytime) and partial reinforcement (reinforced in a certain time interval)- partial has a ratio and interval schedule, fixed and variable

Front 19

schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed number of responses

Back 19

fixed-ratio schedule ex. slot machines

Front 20

schedule of reinforcement in which the average number of reinforcers are predetermined

Back 20

variable-ratio schedule, ex. on avg reinforcement follows every 10th response

Front 21

schedule of reinforcement is delivered for the first response made after a fixed period of time

Back 21

fixed-interval schedules ex. must wait 10s before next response

Front 22

schedule of reinforcement in which average interval is predetermined

Back 22

variable-interval schedule ex. reinforcers delivered on avg 1 every 20s

Front 23

reinforced in a fixed percent

Back 23

ratio

Front 24

• An optical illusion of our brains and eyes that allows us to perceive constant movement instead of a sequence of images
• Our brains are supplying information that does not exist that creates the illusion of the human eye

Back 24

phi phenomenon: Wertheimer

Front 25

• refers to a cognitive ability to separate elements based upon contrast, that is, dark and light, black and white
• profiles/vase picture*

Back 25

ground-figure princ

Front 26

• we continue the pattern the easiest way

Back 26

law of continuity

Front 27

• The mind may experience elements it does not perceive through sensation, in order to complete a regular figure

Back 27

law of closure

Front 28

• We tend to perceive the line as continuum even when broken

Back 28

law of good continuity

Front 29

• we tend to order our experience in a manner that is regular, orderly, symmetric, and simple

Back 29

law of pragnanz

Front 30

outer ear

Back 30

pinna, auditory canal
pinna is ear itslef
auditory canal protects tympanic mem and keeps ear at constant temp

Front 31

middle ear

Back 31

bones: hammer, anvil, stirrup
hammer is the bone that when tymp mem vibrates it hits
anvil connects malleus to stapes
stirrup retrieves vibrations that came from the anvil and pass on to middle ear

Front 32

inner ear: spiral-shaped cavity with hair-like cells, retains fluid. ap occurs so stimulus travels from cochlea to brain through neurons

Back 32

cochlea

Front 33

muscles of middle ear

Back 33

tensor timpani, stapedious

Front 34

path of vibrations from cochlea

Back 34

cochlea
auditory nerves
cochlea nucleus
thalmus
auditory cortex

Front 35

deafness in which sound does not reach middle ear

Back 35

conduction

Front 36

deafness in which cochlea cannot make ap; preventable

Back 36

sensorineuro

Front 37

deafness in which there is a brain lesion

Back 37

central

Front 38

2 types of long term memory

Back 38

declarative and procedural

Front 39

photoreceptors

Back 39

have cones and rods responsible for pigment

Front 40

bipolar cells

Back 40

send info to ganglion cells