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38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Learning =
behavior + consequences
Learning =
behavior + consequences
radical behaviorists
internal states are caused by events in the environment - ultimate cause of behavior is observable events
methodological behaviorists
study only events they can measure and observe
intervening variable
something that cannot be directly observed, yet links a variety of procedures to a variety of possible responses
radical behaviorists
internal states are caused by events in the environment - ultimate cause of behavior is observable events
methodological behaviorists
study only events they can measure and observe
response
any identifiable behavior
intervening variable
something that cannot be directly observed, yet links a variety of procedures to a variety of possible responses
response
any identifiable behavior
Unconditioned Stimulus
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response WITHOUT learning - juicy hamburger
Unconditioned Response
reflexive response elicited by a stimulus WITHOUT learning - salivation
Conditioned Stimulus
an initially neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus - the BELL presented with the hamburger
Conditioned Response
the response elicited by the conditioned stimulus due to the training - the bell makes dog SALIVATE
acquisition
process that establishes or strengthens a conditioned response
extinction
decrease and elimination of a classically conditioned response
how do you get rid of a classically conditioned response?
conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
temporary return of an extinguished response after a passage of time
classical vs. operant
classical influences INVOLUNTARY responses, operant applies to VOLUNTARY responses
operant conditioning
process of changing behavior by following a response with a reinforcement
subject's behavior determines an outcome
operant conditioning
In operant conditioning, learning comes from:
association between a particular behavior and its consequences
Edward Thorndike
discovered operant conditioning; put cats in "puzzle box"; law of effect
Law of effect
response followed by reward is STRENGTHENED; response followed by punishment is WEAKENED
B.F. Skinner
Skinner box - worked to determine what are good reinforcements
Reinforcement
response that always results in a strengthening of the behavior
Positive reinforcement
a particular response that produces something good - press lever, get food
Unconditioned reinforcers
meet primary, biological needs and are reinforcing for almost everyone - food and drink
Conditioned reinforcers
effective because they have become associated with unconditioned reinforcers - money and grades
Negative reinforcement
when a particular response results in the removal of something
punishment
a particular response is followed by an aversive stimulus so you decrease the behavior
Punishment results in
decrease of behavior
negative punishment
take something away to decrease behavior
positive punishment
add an aversive stimuli to decrease behavior
continuous reinforcement
every time the desired response occurs, it is reinforced - rarely happes outside laboratory
fixed-ratio schedule
provides reinforcement only after a certain "fixed" number of correct responses have been made
variable-ratio schedule
reinforcement occurs after some average number of trials - slot machines
fixed-interval schedule
provides reinforcement for the first response made after a specific time interval