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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning =
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behavior + consequences
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Learning =
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behavior + consequences
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radical behaviorists
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internal states are caused by events in the environment - ultimate cause of behavior is observable events
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methodological behaviorists
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study only events they can measure and observe
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intervening variable
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something that cannot be directly observed, yet links a variety of procedures to a variety of possible responses
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radical behaviorists
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internal states are caused by events in the environment - ultimate cause of behavior is observable events
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methodological behaviorists
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study only events they can measure and observe
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response
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any identifiable behavior
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intervening variable
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something that cannot be directly observed, yet links a variety of procedures to a variety of possible responses
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response
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any identifiable behavior
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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stimulus that elicits a reflexive response WITHOUT learning - juicy hamburger
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Unconditioned Response
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reflexive response elicited by a stimulus WITHOUT learning - salivation
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Conditioned Stimulus
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an initially neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus - the BELL presented with the hamburger
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Conditioned Response
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the response elicited by the conditioned stimulus due to the training - the bell makes dog SALIVATE
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acquisition
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process that establishes or strengthens a conditioned response
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extinction
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decrease and elimination of a classically conditioned response
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how do you get rid of a classically conditioned response?
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conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus
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spontaneous recovery
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temporary return of an extinguished response after a passage of time
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classical vs. operant
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classical influences INVOLUNTARY responses, operant applies to VOLUNTARY responses
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operant conditioning
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process of changing behavior by following a response with a reinforcement
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subject's behavior determines an outcome
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operant conditioning
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In operant conditioning, learning comes from:
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association between a particular behavior and its consequences
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Edward Thorndike
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discovered operant conditioning; put cats in "puzzle box"; law of effect
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Law of effect
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response followed by reward is STRENGTHENED; response followed by punishment is WEAKENED
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B.F. Skinner
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Skinner box - worked to determine what are good reinforcements
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Reinforcement
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response that always results in a strengthening of the behavior
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Positive reinforcement
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a particular response that produces something good - press lever, get food
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Unconditioned reinforcers
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meet primary, biological needs and are reinforcing for almost everyone - food and drink
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Conditioned reinforcers
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effective because they have become associated with unconditioned reinforcers - money and grades
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Negative reinforcement
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when a particular response results in the removal of something
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punishment
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a particular response is followed by an aversive stimulus so you decrease the behavior
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Punishment results in
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decrease of behavior
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negative punishment
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take something away to decrease behavior
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positive punishment
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add an aversive stimuli to decrease behavior
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continuous reinforcement
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every time the desired response occurs, it is reinforced - rarely happes outside laboratory
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fixed-ratio schedule
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provides reinforcement only after a certain "fixed" number of correct responses have been made
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variable-ratio schedule
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reinforcement occurs after some average number of trials - slot machines
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fixed-interval schedule
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provides reinforcement for the first response made after a specific time interval
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