Psych Exam 2

Front 1

factitious disorders (can have 2 different types of signs / symptoms or both)

Back 1

something produced artificially, either with predominantly physical or psychological signs & symptoms or a combination of both with the purpose of becoming a patient or getting attention. They can often produce physical symptoms and have a history of lying, unnecessary surgery and frequent hospitalization

Front 2

Munchausen

Back 2

Named after a German cavalry officer, person goes from hospital to hospital with false symptoms. (They purposefully put blood in a urine sample, burn themselves, take drugs etc.) and refuse to comply with hospital rules

Front 3

Munchausen by proxy

Back 3

Parent hurts child so they require medical treatment, the parent gets gratification from others sympathy

Front 4

conversion disorder

Back 4

Pattern of symptoms of loss of control of physical function that appear with no underlying organic nature / cannot be explained. Freud believed it was from unconscious conflicts, today physical symptoms serve as a defensive function to avoid a stressful situation. Has a 2:1 ratio women to men, appears during extreme stress and can last for weeks or months. Patient has no anxiety with describing their symptoms.

Front 5

sensory symptoms of conversion disorder

Back 5

any 5 senses could be involved, hyperasthesia (excessive sensitivity to pain), or anylgesia (loss of sensitivity to pain)

Front 6

motor symptoms of conversion disorder

Back 6

paralysis is confined to single limb, loss of function is fairly selective, they can only whisper. For example, they can't write, but they can shuffle cards.

Front 7

visceral symptoms of conversion disorder

Back 7

constant headaches, coughing, belching

Front 8

Somatization Disorder (Briquets)

Back 8

Many complaints about parts of body with no physical cause: headache, fatigue, allergies, back & abdominal pains. Numerous doctor visits, surgery, use vivid images when explaining symptoms. They are manipulative and self-centered, and present an array of symptoms with no pattern.

Front 9

Pain disorder

Back 9

Associated with psychological factors, clear and lasting pain anywhere in the body for 6 months. Can be associated with psychological factors and / or a general medical condition, but the sole symptoms has no known pathology.

Front 10

dysmorphophobia - preoccupation disorder

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imagined / exaggerated defects in appearance. (Winkles, facial hair, shape / size of nose etc.) Concerns are very distressing, they try to hide flaw and don't want to be around others.

Front 11

hypocondriasis - preoccupation disorders

Back 11

Abnormal preoccupation with a disease. Get upset with a little illness, characterized by multiple complains where evidence is not true, many doctor visits and anxiety but symptoms are fairly minor. Express great concern over the disease, constantly on the lookout for new symptoms, read a lot about it, they want the disease to be found.

Front 12

dissociative amnesia (episodic, not semantic)

Back 12

Loss of memory about identification, can happen if one has suffered a trauma. Related to conversion disorder: prevent underlying anxiety, not necessarily anxious. Symptoms include amnesia, depersonalization, derealization, identity confusion, or identity alterations (surprising skills are displayed).

Front 13

Localized amnesia

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Failure to recall events during brief periods of time, surrounding the event

Front 14

Selective amnesia

Back 14

Remembers part of the event

Front 15

Generalized amnesia

Back 15

Loss of memory, goes back in time

Front 16

Continuous amnesia

Back 16

Forgetting in the present starting with the traumatic event (new experiences can't be remembered)

Front 17

Episodic vs. Semantic Memories

Back 17

Episodic is personal experiences & different life events. Semantic is information like things in the dictionary / knowing how to do something.

Front 18

Dissociative fugue

Back 18

"flight / to flee". Travels to new location, forgets identity, establishes new identity, shows characteristics they haven't shown previously. Episodic memory, can happen after a trauma and tends to end abruptly. The goal is to avoid stress that is involved regardless of the source of the stress.

Front 19

Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder)

Back 19

The occurrence of 2+ personalities, each with a stable life of its own. Usually from physical abuse as a child, child hypnotizes themselves to pretend they aren't in the situation they're in.

Front 20

Subpersonalities (alter)

Back 20

Distinct emotions, unique and relatively stable personality. Primary personality (core, host) appears most often.

Front 21

mutually amnesic relationships

Back 21

No awareness of each other

Front 22

mutually cognizant relationships:

Back 22

Personalities talk amongst themselves, personalities know each other.

Front 23

one way amnestic relationships

Back 23

Some are aware of others (co-conscious) but it's not reciprocated

Front 24

Depersonalization

Back 24

Change in self-perception, sensation of unreality, never seen beyond the age of 40. Sudden appearance of symptoms, and chronic. Strange perception of body, perceive others as mechanical or dead. Anxiety, depression, fatigue. No effective treatment, sometimes given sedatives, cognitive therapy.

Front 25

Major depressive disorder

Back 25

Person experiences depressed mood + 4 other symptoms, loss of interest. Interferes with everyday life for 2 weeks. Can happen once or be recurrent.

Front 26

Dysthymic disorder

Back 26

Depressed mood + 2 other symptoms for at least 2 years. No more than 2 months without these symptoms at a time within the 2 year span.

Front 27

Depression with melancholic features

Back 27

Inability to feel or express pleasure. Depression is worst in the morning, with excessive or inappropriate guilt and significant weight loss.

Front 28

Depression with psychotic features

Back 28

Delusions and hallucinations with no basis in reality or fact. Hallucinations are hearing, seeing, or smelling with no external stimulus and are very negative in content.

Front 29

Depression with postpartum onset

Back 29

Woman 4 weeks after child birth. Post partum blues occur frequently for 2 weeks, may become psychotic with delusions, auditory hallucinations.

Front 30

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Back 30

at least 2 years of depression, symptoms are tied to the # of hrs of daylight; SAD is most common when there are fewer hrs of daylight.

Front 31

Symptom of major depression: emotional

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Sadness, loss of gratification, does not like the sight of nice things (puppies), crying spells, loss of the feeling of love

Front 32

Symptom of major depression: cognitive

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Pessimistic, inadequate, inferior, incompetent. Self esteem is low, believe they failed, hopeless future.

Front 33

Symptom of major depression: behavioral

Back 33

Activity level decreases, spend time alone in bed. Slow movements.

Front 34

Symptom of major depression: physical

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Disturbances in appetite, sleep. Cluster of medical problems that don't seem to go together and may lead to a misdiagnosis.

Front 35

Symptom of major depression: motivational

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No drive, passive, difficulty making decisions, see suicide as an escape.

Front 36

Biochemical theory of depression

Back 36

Neurotransmitters in brain, dendrites with stimulation. Lack of norepinephrine and serotonin in brain causes depression. Nerve cells may be damaged by stress. Meds taken increase norepinephrine & serotonin in body.

Front 37

Tricyclics & how they work

Back 37

Elevil, Torphrinil, Enaphronil. Work best with people with the common symptoms, alter balance by increasing activities and blocks the premature re-uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. 65% success rate.

Front 38

SSRI's

Back 38

Eloxatine, Prozak, Zoloft, Paxil. Alternate the sensitivity of serotonin with fewer side affects.

Front 39

MAO inhibitors

Back 39

Increase the availability of the MAO's. 50% success rate.

Front 40

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Back 40

Treatment for intractable depression, majority of recipients are women. There is a pre-operation (anesthesia, muscle relaxant, meds to control heart rythym, oxygen, bite-block) then 65-140 volts of electricity pass through brain. Causes brief convulsion. Sometimes all of episodic memory is lost.

Front 41

Light therapy

Back 41

Seasonal affective disorder, replaces the sun with bright lights to increase happiness

Front 42

Psychodynamic view & treatments

Back 42

Depression is triggered by loss, or lack of parenting. Works to change feelings about the past.

Front 43

Freud / psychodynamic view

Back 43

People experience grief and depression, introjecting the love object, direct feelings about them toward their mood. Depression from a lack of or a lot of gratification during oral stage. Depression comes from relationships, being pushed toward being self-reliant.

Front 44

Behavioral perspective and treatments for depression

Back 44

Assessment of activities in persons life then try to change environment (teach social skills, teach to find fun activities, relaxation, time management)

Front 45

Beck's cognitive distortion model of depression

Back 45

Depression is a disorder of thinking rather than a mood. Help identify dysfunctional thoughts, are they reasonable?

Front 46

cognitive triad (oneself, situation, future)

Back 46

Negative thoughts about the future, person who is depressed is negative, pessimistic, etc.

Front 47

Bipolar I

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Severe depression alternates with extreme mania + 3 other symptoms (mania = elated behavior that goes beyond joy and happiness) Imbalance in neurotransmitters.

Front 48

Bipolar II

Back 48

Depression is severe but alternates with hypomania (a little bit of mania)

Front 49

Cyclothymic disorder

Back 49

Both depression and mania are mild. Lasts for 2 years with normal periods in between.

Front 50

Symptoms of mania

Back 50

inflated self-esteem, talkative, loud, decreased need for sleep, impulsive behaviors that can lead to trouble, hostile, psychotic with delusions, unshakable thoughts.

Front 51

Cause of mania

Back 51

Imbalance of neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and serotonin are low.

Front 52

Sodium ion activity (mania)

Back 52

Chloride, sodium, potassium ions all surround nerve cell. Porous membrane opens, and ions flow out. With mania, too many Na ions go into the cell, with depression, too few Na ions are going into the nerve cell.

Front 53

Genetic factors

Back 53

Monozygotic twins 40%. Dyzygotic twins 10%. The Amish in PA have the highest rate of bipolar disorder.

Front 54

Lithium therapy - lithium carbonate

Back 54

Manic behavior caused by toxic level of euric acid. Mixed with lithium --> docile. Cut down on sodium, and it worked. Severe side effects.

Front 55

Anticonvulsant drugs

Back 55

Tegretol, Adephrocolt. Most ppl with bipolar disorder take several medications. Psychotherapy always recommended in addition to meds.

Front 56

Categories of suicide: committed, attempted, threatened, ideation.

Back 56

Committed: you are dead
Attempted: carried out an act but it didn’t work
Threatened: you say you want to / going to do it
Ideation: suicidal thoughts

Front 57

Edwin Schneidman: definition of suicide

Back 57

the human act of self inflicted self intentioned succession

Front 58

death seekers

Back 58

those who are clear on their wish to die

Front 59

death initiators

Back 59

clear on their intent to kill themselves, but they plan to die soon anyway (terminally ill / elderly) and just decide to end it earlier

Front 60

death darers

Back 60

ambivalent about dying, actions much less likely to produce death, done to make someone feel guilty or gain attention

Front 61

death ignorers

Back 61

trade their present life with a better life

Front 62

statistics about suicide

Back 62

4:1 women attempt, but 4:1 men succeed. varies greatly by country, high in Russia, low in Spain, lowest in Muslims. Women more likely to kill themselves using pills, men more likely to use a gun or hang themselves.

Front 63

Precipitating factors of suicide

Back 63

stress or breakup, death, loss of job, disaster, serious illness

Front 64

Sociological theory

Back 64

Durkheim: person is strongly attached to societies rules, suicide is a disturbance between society and themselves

Front 65

Egoistic theory

Back 65

Person is underintegrated, individuals mental energies are concentrated on the self to such an extent that societal integrations are not helpful. Person has little concern for community. Person does not think of themselves as meaningful, society is seen as uncaring and uninvolved.

Front 66

Anomic theory

Back 66

Relationship between society and individual is destroyed, person is in a state of disorganization / anxiety / lonely / isolated. Event could be: loss of a job, loss of someone close to them. Durkheim suggested that sudden wealth could bring suicide if the person couldn’t cope with the wealth.

Front 67

Altruistic

Back 67

Over integration, excessive involvement between person and society.

Front 68

Fatalistic

Back 68

occur when there is religious and political oppression. Individual sees all opportunities and prospects as blocked, excessive control (totalitarian regimes)

Front 69

Anorexia DSM-IV symptoms

Back 69

active person, being concerned about appearance, thinking or fantasizing about food. a denial in low body weight. Females who had previously gotten their period but no longer get it for 3+ months. 20:1 female.

Front 70

Anorexia personal characteristics

Back 70

refusal to maintain weight at or above the minimal normal weight for their age and height (less than 85% of normal body weight). Fear of gaining weight.

Front 71

Anorexia pre-occupation with food

Back 71

think or fantasize about food.

Front 72

Anorexia distorted body image

Back 72

disturbance in the way weight and body shape is experienced. They draw themselves as being much larger than what they actually are.

Front 73

Anorexia sociocultural pressures to be thin

Back 73

most common in white middle and upper class citizens. Usual age range is 14-18, but cases have been seen in prepubescent ages. Perfectionist, good students, rate is high in female models, gymnasts, ballet dancers, etc.

Front 74

Physical consequences of anorexia

Back 74

retarded bone growth, lack of tolerance for cold, hair loss, fine hair growth on the face and the trunk and extremities, lack of menstrual period / erection, electrolyte imbalance (calcium and potassium), compromised immune system, heart problems

Front 75

Hypothalamus in Anorexia

Back 75

(controls balance within body) could be a malfunction, some people consider anorexia as a biological disorder (water imbalance), OCD, eating is a substitute for sexual expression (fear of increasing sexual desire = fear of eating)

Front 76

Treatment for anorexia

Back 76

immediate goal is to help person gain weight

Front 77

Hospital / outpatient clinic

Back 77

only if weight loss is extreme does the person go to the hospital, otherwise person goes to outpatient clinic

Front 78

weight gain for anorexia

Back 78

if the young person is refusing to eat, you would force feed them.

Front 79

Behavioral therapy for anorexia

Back 79

appetite stimulants can be given, positive reinforcement for eating

Front 80

Cognitive Therapy for anorexia

Back 80

tries to correct faulty thinking

Front 81

Family Therapy for anorexia

Back 81

family therapist works to get the adolescent out of the sick role

Front 82

Bulimia Nervosa: DSM-IV symptoms

Back 82

continuous chewing, recurrent purging, purge eating with a lack of control, individuals are influenced by body shape and weight

Front 83

Purging type bulimia

Back 83

enemas, laxatives, diuretics, vomiting (90%)

Front 84

Non-purging type bulimia

Back 84

vigorous excessive fasting or large amount of food intake

Front 85

Bulimic anorexics

Back 85

can be overweight, underweight, or average weight. Persistent attempts to lose weight but only the anorexic changes her food intake. Likely to be critical of her behavior, often depressed.

Front 86

Cycle of binging and compensation

Back 86

tops eating fatty foods (soft texture high in calories). Pre-binge: person is anxious
Binge: relief of anxiety
Post-binge: anger over lack of control, depression over not being able to stop the binging

Front 87

Behavioral treatment for bulimia

Back 87

relaxation to prevent the binge from starting, response techniques

Front 88

Cognitive treatment for bulimia

Back 88

change maladaptive attitudes, identifying reasons that lead to purge

Front 89

Antidepressant treatment for bulimia

Back 89

Tri-Cyclics can cause cravings for carbs, MAO leads to increased heart rate (isn’t given), SSRI’s are given

Front 90

Group therapy treatment for bulimia

Back 90

Over-Eaters Anonymous group

Front 91

Self help group for bulimia

Back 91

can have a relapse if stressed

Front 92

Substance abuse

Back 92

less severe form of drug use, interference with the person’s ability to fulfill major obligations, recurrent use of drugs in dangerous situations, harmful and maladaptive but no dependence

Front 93

Substance dependence

Back 93

addiction. Repeated self-administration that leads to tolerance, withdrawal, compulsive drug taking.

Front 94

Intoxication

Back 94

having a level of drug that alters mood and behavior

Front 95

Tolerance

Back 95

need more to get the same affect

Front 96

Withdrawal

Back 96

symptoms appear when drug is stopped being taken

Front 97

Sex difference in alcohol

Back 97

men have more of an enzyme that breaks down alcohol (women feel the effect of alcohol sooner than men)

Front 98

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Back 98

alcoholic pregnant women pass on deformations, retardations and behavioral problems to fetus

Front 99

Alcohol withdrawal

Back 99

symptoms appear after drinking, lasts 3-10 days, shaking in eyelids and hands and tongue. Nausea and vomiting, tend to be anxious, irritable and depressed. May have transient hallucinations (negative images, like insects crawling on the walls)

Front 100

Alcohol withdrawal delirium = delirium tremens (DTs)

Back 100

Attacks last for 2-3 days. Initial symptoms resemble those of normal withdrawal but then they can have seizures and vivid and more frightening hallucinations.

Front 101

Antabuse

Back 101

projectile vomiting to prevent more drinking

Front 102

AA

Back 102

self help group started in 1935 by Wilson and Smith. Largest and most widely known, admit you’re an alcoholic, moral and spiritual guideline. Turn control over to a higher power, heterogeneous may never drink again. Alanon = not an enabler of alcoholics….Alateen = children of alcoholics

Front 103

barbituates

Back 103

depress CNS so excitement is reduced, make you feel mellow in high doses (anesthesia) → suicide, suppress resperation, highly addictive some people don’t take them right and their sleep, drive, sex and eat changes

Front 104

Anti-anxiety drugs - benzodiazepines

Back 104

reduce anxiety, minor tranquilizers, Xanex, Valium, the drug has to be withdrawn gradually if treating alcohol addiction

Front 105

heroin

Back 105

10x stronger and addictive than morphine, euphoria and nausea, attempts to legalize it for terminally ill patients, constipation, nausea, pupil dilation. Buprenophrine clonadine: antagonist to heroine, they won’t feel it. Heroine is more pure now. 90 – 94% comes from Afghanistan

Front 106

withdrawal

Back 106

nausea, muscle tremors, sweating, hot&cold symptoms peak at 3 days. Prostitution and stealing to pay for heroin 1,000,000 heroin addictions

Front 107

methadone

Back 107

synthetic, dispensed in clinic each day, need to be watched so they don’t sell it

Front 108

Cocaine

Back 108

Indians have chewed leaves because it relieves symptoms of fatigue. Rub them on skin as anesthetic. Freud used it to treat depression → cocaine papers, Sherlock Holmes used cocaine, Coca Cola (you would have needed 20 quarts) heighten awareness and sexual desire. Withdrawal = chills, paranoia, bugs under skin

Front 109

Caffeine

Back 109

tolerance and withdrawal, chocolate and energy drinks, increases metabolism, body temperature and diminishes appetite, hand tremors, sleeplessness, truck drivers

Front 110

Nicotine

Back 110

cigarette, pipe cigar, chewing tobacco, snuff, Luther Terry said it could cause lung cancer, used to say it would relax you, emphazema, cancer of the mouth, takes 7 seconds to get from lung to brain, carcinogens, second hand smoke, low birth weight and premature, 73 million people smoke, 40% tries to quit.

Front 111

Treatments for nicotine addiction

Back 111

hypnosis, giving nicotine gum, albutrin, scared straight, tri-cyclics

Front 112

LSD

Back 112

“turn me on, tune me out”: doing unethical, gave LSD to students, liquid in sugar cubes or homemade stamps, chemical trip

Front 113

hallucinogen hallucinosis

Back 113

having abnormal perception, kaleidoscope, sound of wind becomes human voice, depersonalization

Front 114

Synesthesia

Back 114

overflow from one sensory to another, hear colors, see sounds, loss of boundaries, unexpanded conciousness, terrifying experience, psychotic state (bad trip)

Front 115

Flashbacks

Back 115

20% unpredictable flashbacks, can’t be controlled

Front 116

Marijuana

Back 116

smoked during the alcohol embargo.

Front 117

Psychological effects of weed

Back 117

slow reaction time, impaired math / reading comprehension, loss of short term memory, inability to remember what you learned when you were high (when you return to being sober)

Front 118

Physiological effects of weed

Back 118

dry mouth, dry throat, bloodshot eyes, slight elevation in blood pressure, increase in appetite, produces tolerance

Front 119

Polysubstance abuse

Back 119

taking more than one drug at a time

Front 120

Simultaneous polysubstance abuse

Back 120

injecting yourself with cocaine and heroin

Front 121

Sequential polysubstance abuse

Back 121

swallow beer, inhale cigarette.

Front 122

Synergistic effects

Back 122

effect can be increased or enhanced. Similar actions = 2 depressants are taken. Antagonistic = one depressant one stimulant

Front 123

Complex etiology of addiction

Back 123

people look at how society views a drug, mood being altered, genetic predisposition – chemically different neuron changes reward circuits, feel good when activated.

Front 124

Masters & Johnson - physiological research

Back 124

studied human sexual behavior and dysfunction, monitored and studied 10,000 orgasms.

Front 125

Sexual response cycle: desire phase

Back 125

urge to have sex, having sexual fantasies, feeling sexually attracted to someone

Front 126

Sexual response cycle: excitement phase (arousal)

Back 126

enlargement of blood vessels, muscle tension, boner, swelling of clit,

Front 127

Sexual response cycle: orgasm phase

Back 127

sexual arousal reaches peak in intensity, male and female very similar

Front 128

Sexual response cycle: resolution phase

Back 128

time of relaxation, if the person does not have an orgasm the person might have a long recovery time

Front 129

Refractory period for males

Back 129

male is unresponsive to stimulation after orgasming

Front 130

Sexual desire disorder: hypoactive sexual disorder

Back 130

male or female, lack of interest in sex, lack of sexual activity, impairment of sexual gratification, find sex enjoyable or a neutral experience but they just aren’t interested in having sex

Front 131

Sexual desire disorder: sexual aversion

Back 131

male or female, finds sex disgusting, very anxious and fearful about sex

Front 132

male erectile disorder

Back 132

erectile disfunction

Front 133

female sexual arousal disorder

Back 133

female may or may not have physical arousal, emotionally no excitement or pleasure, inadequate lubrication

Front 134

premature ejaculation

Back 134

unsatisfactory start of sexual activity and ejaculation, could occur before or very shortly after penetration (less than 2 minutes)

Front 135

male orgasmic disorder

Back 135

inhibited male orgasms, great difficulty reaching orgasms, can ejaculate early during masturbation or foreplay

Front 136

female orgasmic disorder

Back 136

some women orgasm very easily, others don’t: women who never have an orgasm despite being exposed to a reasonable amount of sexual activities

Front 137

vaginismus

Back 137

very painful contractions of the outer muscles on the vagina

Front 138

dyspareunia

Back 138

painful, enjoy sex, easily aroused

Front 139

life long or acquired: generalized or situational

Back 139

man may have never had erection or recent may be tied to a certain situation

Front 140

fetishism

Back 140

sexual interest centers on a specific body part of another person or an inademate object, object needed to orgasm

Front 141

transvestic fetishism

Back 141

men who dress as women because they are aroused by women’s clothing

Front 142

pedophilia

Back 142

love of children who have not yet gone through puberty. Frequently a pedophile is shy, religious, and have trouble forming adult relationships. DSM-IV requires a pedophile be at least 16 years old and at least 5 yrs older than the child

Front 143

hebephilia

Back 143

obsession with children who have gone through puberty

Front 144

exhibitionism (indecent exposure)

Back 144

exposing genitals to a stranger, arousal from pretending to expose himself or actually exposing himself, most of the time the reason is to shock or scare the observer.

Front 145

voyeurism

Back 145

clandestine peeping. Peeping causes arousal, sometimes the voyeur fantasizes about having sexual contact with the person but it does not actually happen (its just a fantasy). Gets turned on by looking at people who don’t realize they’re being watched and knowing her might get caught looking.

Front 146

frotterism

Back 146

male who becomes sexually aroused while fully clothed because he rubs his genitals across a women’s body in a crowded place.

Front 147

sexual sadism

Back 147

arousal or sexual gratification by inflicting mental or physical pain on someone else, bondage and discipline. Sexual excitement through killing someone else (sexual release or foreplay).

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sexual masochism

Back 148

self-denial and whip themselves, you get tortured to become aroused. Live regular lives.

Front 149

zoophilia (bestiality)

Back 149

desire of sexual gratification with an animal, masturbating or having intercourse, lick genitals of human partner. Tends to occur with young males.

Front 150

gender identity disorder: transsexualism

Back 150

feel they’re in the wrong body and wish they were in the body of the opposite sex instead. Transgender is used when the person has not had the surgery, and transsexual if they have had a surgery. Under 18 yrs old call them having gender identity disorder.

Front 151

treatment: hormones, cross-dressing, sexual reassignment surgery

Back 151

person is required to go through therapy, they receive hormones of the opposite sex and cross-dress. Surgery to reconstruct sexual organs, sometimes there is severe depression or suicide.