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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Psychoactive Drugs
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chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods (through their actions at the neural synapses)
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Withdrawal
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the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
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Tolerance
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the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs effect
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Physical Dependence
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a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
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Psychological Dependence
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a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
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addiction
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compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences
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depressants
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drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
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barbiturates
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drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgments
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opiates
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opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
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stimulants
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drugs, such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
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amphetamines
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drugs that stimulate neural activity , causing sped up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
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methamphetamine
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a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes, over time appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
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X (MDMA)
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a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risks and longer term harm to serotonin producing neurons and to mood and cognition
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Hallucinogens
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psychedelic (mind manifesting) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
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LSD
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a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid
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THC
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the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects. including mild hallucinations
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Near death experiences
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An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death, often similar to drug induced hallucinations
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Sensation
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the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
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perception
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the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
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bottom up processing
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analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
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top down processing
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information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
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Psychophysics
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the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them
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absolute threshold
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the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
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signal detection theory
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a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness
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subliminal
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below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
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priming
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the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or repsonse
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difference threshold
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the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (JND)
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weber's law
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that principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
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sensory adaption
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diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
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behavioral medicine
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an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
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health psychology
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a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
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stress
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the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
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general adaption syndrome (GAS)
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Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion
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coronary heart disease
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the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
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Type A
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Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people
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Type B
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easygoing, relaxed people
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psychophysiological illness
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literally "mind-body" illness, any stress related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches
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psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
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the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
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B Lymphocytes
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form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
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T Lymphocytes
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form in the thymus and other lymph tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
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coping
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alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
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problem focused coping
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attempting to alleviate stress directly- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
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emotion focused coping
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attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction
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areobic excercise
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sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also reduce stress, depression, and anxiety
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biofeedback
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a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
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CAM
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alternatives to conventional medicine, not proven
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Associative learning
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learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (operant)
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classical conditioning
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a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
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learningn
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a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
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behaviorism
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the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
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Unconditioned Response (UR)
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in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically- triggers a response
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Conditioned Response (CR)
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in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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acquisition
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in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus beings triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
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higher - order conditioning
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a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. Also called second order conditioning
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extinction
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the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus, occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
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spontaneous recovery
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the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditional response
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generalization
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the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
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discrimination
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in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
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Respondent Behavior
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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
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operant conditioning
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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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operant behavior
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behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
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law of effect
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Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
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operant chamber
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in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
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learning
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a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
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shaping
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an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
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reinforcer
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in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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positive reinforcement
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increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
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negative reinforcement
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increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli
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primary reinforcer
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an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
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conditioned reinforcer
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a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer, also known as a secondary reinforcer.
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continuous reinforcement
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reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
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partial (intermittent) reinforcement
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reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
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fixed ratio schedule
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
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variable ratio schedule
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OC, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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fixed-interval schedule
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
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variable interval schedule
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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
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punishment
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an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
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cognitive map
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a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
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latent learning
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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it
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intrinsic motivation
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a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
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extrinsic motivation
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a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
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modeling
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the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
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mirror neurons
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frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy.
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prosocial behavior
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positive, constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior.
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