Psych- Exam 1- Chapter Seven Learning

Front 1

habituation

Back 1

A decline in the response to a stimulus once the stimulus has become familiar

It allows us to ignore inputs we're already familiar with and have found to be inconsequential, and focus instead on the novel ones. Helps you ignore old news.

Front 2

dishabituation

Back 2

An increase in responsiveness when something novel is presented, following a series of presentations of something familiar

A city dweller habituated to the noise of the busy city will notice if all of a sudden the noise of the busy city stops. Calls attention to newly arriving, potentially useful information.

Front 3

Unconditioned response (UR)

Back 3

A response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior training

Salivation in Pavlov experiment

Front 4

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Back 4

A stimulus that reliably triggers a particular response without prior training

Food in animals mouth in Pavlov experiment

Front 5

Conditioned Response (CR)

Back 5

A response elicited by an initially neutral stimulus--the conditioned stimulus--after it has been paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus (US)

Salivating when bell rings in anticipation of being fed foooood

Front 6

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Back 6

An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a new response due to pairings with unconditioned stimulus

Front 7

Classical conditioning

Back 7

A form of learning in which one stimulus is paired with another so that the organism learns a relationship btwn the stimuli

Hint 7

Builds on a response (UR) that's automatically triggered by a stimulus (US)

Classical conditioning involves learning about the relation btwn two stimuli (US and CS)

Front 8

second-order conditioning

Back 8

A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is first made meaningful through classical conditioning. Then, that new stimulus (the CS) is paired with a new, neutral stimulus until the new stimulus also elicits the conditioned response

The sight of the dentist can be paired with the discomfort of feeling her drill

Front 9

extinction

Back 9

The weakening of a learned response that is produced if a conditioned stimulus is now repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Ringing the bell a lot without presenting food.

they haven't unlearned anything though. extinction happens quickly

Front 10

spontaneous recovery

Back 10

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period in which no further conditioning trials have been presented.

Front 11

Stimulus generalization

Back 11

The tendency for stimuli similar to those used during learning to elicit reaction similar to the learned response.

As the stimuli become less like the original CS, the response gets weaker and weaker.

Front 12

inhibitor

Back 12

a stimulus signaling that an event is not coming, which elicits a response opposite to the one that the event usually elicits

in the red light orange light example, the orange light is the inhibitor, it means you can relax because no loud noise is going to come.

Hint 12

IT signals a period in which the US is likely NOT to arrive.

Front 13

blocking effect

Back 13

A result showing that an animal learns nothing about a stimulus if the stimulus provides no new information.

Hissing noise paired with light--and a sexually receptive mate. But if the light is displayed without the hissing, the rat won't show any sexual arousal.

Hint 13

Fahrenheit and centigrade example

Front 14

compensatory response

Back 14

a response that offsets the effects of the upcoming unconditioned stimulus

Think about this one in terms of drugs. The compensatory response for shooting heroin for example, is to increase pain sensitivity to cancel out the effect that it numbs pain, it also increases depression because of its positive effects on the mood. it also increases an increase in moisture in the mucous membranes because it gives you dry mouth

Front 15

instrumental conditioning

Back 15

A form of learning in which the participant receives a reinforcement only after performing the desired response, and thereby learns a relationship between the response and the reinforcer

Cat in the puzzle box, dove flapping wings to avoid shock

Hint 15

Involves behaviors that appear voluntary

Involves learning about the relation btwn a response and a stimulus (the operant and a reward)

Front 16

Law of effect

Back 16

thorndike's theory that a response followed by a reward will be strengthened, whereas a response followed by no reward (or by punishment) will be weakened

Hint 16

cat in the box is more likely to continue with a behavior that will lead to successful outcomes

Front 17

Operant

Back 17

In Skinner's system, an instrumental response that is defined by its effect (the way it operates) on the environmentt. So the response must be set off from some stimulus within the environment

Hint 17

This is as opposed to receiving a stimulus from outside the organism, such as a bell ringing in classical conditioning example

Front 18

reinforcer

Back 18

A stimulus delivered after a response that makes the response more likely in the future

Front 19

Shaping

Back 19

The process of eliciting a desired response by rewarding behaviors that are increasingly similar to that response

Front 20

contingency

Back 20

One event allows predictions about another event. US is contingent on CS for example

Front 21

Conditioning and probabilities

Back 21

A dog will learn to salivate in response to a beeper that is followed by food 30% of the time only if the food arrives less than 30% of the time when no beeper is sounded.

Front 22

CS (+)

Back 22

Tells the animal about events in the world: no mater what you do, the US is coming

Front 23

S(+)

Back 23

Tells the animal about the impact of its own behavior: If you respond now, you'll get rewarded

Front 24

CS(-)

Back 24

Tells the animal about events in the world: no matter what you do, no US is coming

Front 25

S(-)

Back 25

Tells the animal about the impact of its own behavior: there's no point in responding right now--your behavior wont do anything.