Psych Exam 1

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Wilhelm Wundt

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Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany

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Structuralism

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An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind

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Functionalism

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a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

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Behaviorism

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the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2

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Humanistic Psychology

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historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth

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Cognitive Neuroscience

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the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language)

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Psychology

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The science of experience ans and behavior.

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Levels of Analysis

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The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

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Bio-psychosocial Approach

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incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

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Basic Research

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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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Applied Research

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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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Hindsight Bias

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I knew it all along!

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Critical Thinking

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Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

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Theory

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an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

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Hypothesis

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a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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Operational Definition

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a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

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Replication

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repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different situations, to see whether it works for other circumstances/people

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Case Study

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One person, in depth

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Survey

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a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group

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Illusory Correlation

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the perception of a relationship where none exists

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Standard Deviation

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(Sum of the squared deviations/number of scores) ALL rooted

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Statistical Significance

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a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

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Temperament

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a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

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Interaction

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the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor depends on another factor

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Molecular Genetics

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the sub field of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

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Evolutionary Psychology

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the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

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Role

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a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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Gender Role

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a set of expected behaviors for males or for females

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Gender Typing

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the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

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Social Learning Theory

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the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

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Gender identity

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our sense of being male or female

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Process of baby

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Zygote, Embryo, Fetus

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Habituation

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decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

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Cognition

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all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

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Schema

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a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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Assimilation

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interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas

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Accomodation

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adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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Sensorimotor

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Birth - 2 Object permanence, stranger anxiety. Experiencing the world through senses and actions

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Preoperational Stage

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2-6/7 , Representing things with words and images, using intuitive rather than logical reasoning,/ Pretend Play, EgoCentrism

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Concrete Operational Stage

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6/7-11 Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations/ conservation, mathematical transformations

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Formal Operational Stage

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12- Abstract reasoning,/ abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning.

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Theory of Mind

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People's ideas about their own and others mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

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When does stranger anxiety start?

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about 8 months

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attachment

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an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

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critical period

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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.

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imprinting

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the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

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basic trust

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according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy, said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

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Self Concept

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our understanding and evaluation of who we are

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Type of parenting

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Authoritarian, Dismissive, Authoritative

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Kohlberg Morality

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Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional

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identity

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our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

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social identity

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the "we" aspect of our self concept; the part of our answer to "who am I" that comes from our group memberships

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cross sectional study

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a study in which people of different ages or compared with one another

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longitudinal study

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research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period