Psych Exam 1

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Definition of Psychology

Back 1

Scientific study of behavior and mind

Root word "psyche" (greek for soul or breath)

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Clinical Psychologist

Back 2

Have advanced degrees in psychology

Specialize in understanding and helping people with mental and emotional problems

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Applied Psychologist

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Not involved with psychological disorders

Apply psychology to practical problems in the real world (ex. school psychologist)

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Research Psychologist

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Collect data to understand mind and behavior

Work in universities, colleges, research institutes

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Social Psychologist

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Studies how an individual influences and is influenced by other people

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Developmental Psychologist

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Studies behavior capacities of different ages and how behavior changes with age

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Human Factors Psychologist

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Facilitate the use of machinery and appliances so that the average person can use them efficiently and safely

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Industrial/ Organizational Psychologist

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Studies behavior in the workplace

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Psychiatrist

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Trained as medical doctors

Learn principles of psychology as well as the use of prescription drugs to treat disorders

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Descarte

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17th century psychologist

Said that body and mind are separate

Mind controls body through pineal gland

Impossible to scientifically study the mind

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William Wundt

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Established first psychology lab in 1879 (in Leipzig, Germany); devoted exclusively to psychological research

Demonstrated that it was possible to perform meaningful experiments in psychology

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William James

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Wrote "The Principles of Psychology"

Rejected Wundt

Interested in what the mind does rather than the elements of the mind (functionalism)

Studied how mind produces behaviors

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Structuralism

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Developed by Titchener

Study of the structures that compose the mind and its sensations, feelings, and images

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Functionalism

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Study of what he mind does as oppose to the elements of the mind

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Order of Schools of Psychology

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Structuralism
Functionalism
Behaviorism
Psychoanalysis
Humanistic

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Systematic Introspection

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Required people to look inside themselves and describe their experiences

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B.F. Skinner

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Behaviorist

Focused only on observable behavior

Discovered how actions are changed by reinforcement and non reinforcement

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Sigmund Freud

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Psychoanalysis - Psychological problems solved through insight

The "unconscious mind"

Many psychological problems arise from childhood

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Humanistic Response

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Opposed Freudian Theory

Demonstrates that humans have self-awareness and ability to grow; strive to reach highest potential

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

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Mary Calkins

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First female president of American Psychological Association, but never received a Ph.D

Guest of William James at Harvard

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Margaret Floy Washburn

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First woman to receive a Ph.D in psychology

Second female president of American Psychological Association

Well-known for her book "The Animal Mind"

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Encoding

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Process that determines and controls how memories are formed

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Storage

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Process that determines and controls how memories are stored and kept over time

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Retrieval

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Process that determines and controls how memories are recovered and translated into performance

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Retrograde Amnesia

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Affects events that happened prior to injury

Often temporary

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Anterograde Amnesia

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Affects events that happened after injury

Tends to be permanent

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Cause of Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia

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Arousal and attention are impaired

Skills and implicit memory made remain in tact for some time

Eventually disease will be fatal

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Primacy Effect

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Better memory of items are the beginning of a memorized list

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Recency Effect

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Better memory of items near the end of a memorized list

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Sensory Memory

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Exact replica of an enviornmental message that lasts for a second or less

Seeing something for an instant and then recalling a detail about it

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Short Term Memory

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System used to temporarily store, think about, and reason with information

a.k.a. working memory

Inner voice and Inner Eye

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Magic Number of Short Term Memory

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7 +/- 2 bits

Regards capacity for short term memory

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Long Term Memory

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Relatively permanent storage of mostly meaningful information

Unlimited Capacity

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Procedural Memory

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Knowledge about how to do things (athletics skills, everyday skills, etc.)

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Phonological Loop

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Used to temporarily store verbal information and engage in rehearsal

Corresponds to inner voice and believed to play critical role in language

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Chunking

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Rearranging incoming information into meaningful patterns to make it easier to remember

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Central Executive

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Determines when the phonological loop or visual sketchpad will be used

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Visual Sketchpad

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Stores visual and spatial information

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Semantic Memory

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Knowledge about the world, stored as facts, that make little or no connection to personal experience

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Episodic Memory

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Memory of a personal, certain moment or event in our past

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Distributed Practice

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Spacing the repetitions of to-be-remembered content over time

Leads to best memory

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Massed Practice

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Rehearsing to-be-remembered information all at once (all night cram sessions)

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Cued Recall

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Given an explicit retrieval cue to remember

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Free Recall

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Remembering information without an explicit retrieval cue

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Proactive Interference

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Old memories interfere with establishment and recovery of new memories

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Retroactive Interference

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Formation of new memories hurts retention of old memories

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Memory Reconstruction

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Tend to fill in parts of our memories based on past experiences and expectations

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Savings Method

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Compares the speed of a person re-learning information with learning new information

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Hermann Ebbinghaus

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Studied his own ability to memorize new material

Memorized a list of nonsense syllables and found that delay between memorization and delay caused forgetting

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Echoic Memory

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System that produces and stores auditory sensory memories

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Iconic Memory

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System that produces and stores visual sensory memories

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Flashbulb Memory

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Records of circumstances surrounding emotional, significant events (ex. where you were on 9/11)

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Implicit Memory

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Remembering without awareness (ex. completing a fragment of a word or picture)

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Transfer-appropriate processing

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Using the same kind of mental processing during studying and testing improves memory

Ensures that you will attend the the cues on the test when you try to remember the information