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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is psychology?
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The scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior
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Wilhelm Wundt
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-first psych lab (1897)
-introspection -basic psych elements |
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Edward Titchener
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structuralism - you can order parts of consciousness; hundreds of levels
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William James
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functionalism - why do we do things - functions of certain behaviors and how they help us adapt to our environments
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Thomas Kuhn
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paradigms - a broad set of theoretical assumptions that most people in a discipline agree on
No real paradigms in psych |
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Psychodynamic
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People have internal wishes/desires & internal conflicts that help them decide what to do
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Determinists
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Our behavior is determined by certain forces; purposeful behavior
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Behaviorist
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Environment controls behavior
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Cognitive
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How people perceive, process, and retrieve info
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Evolutionary
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We do things because they help us survive
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Descriptive stats
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describes the actual numbers; covers an entire group
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Inferential stats
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You use a smaller group of people to determine the outcome of a larger group
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Correlation
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How things (2 variables) relate to each other
correlation does not equal causation |
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4 goals of scientists
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describe
explain predict control (change) |
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Pseudoscience
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Looks like science, but doesn't hold up to scientific testing
-anecdotes -replicability -ad hoc hypotheses -stagnant |
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Theory
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System for organizing and explaining observations
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Hypothesis
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Specific idea about how 2 or more things fit together
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Variable
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Anything that can differ
continuous (like age) categorical (like gender) |
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Standardized
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Same from one person to the next
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Operational Definition
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Make specific
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Random sample
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Arbitrary selection
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Generalizability
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Does it apply to the whole group of interest
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Internal Consistency
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Do all the items tap the same kind of measure
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Inter-rater reliability
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Having more than one observer and hoping they see the same thing
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Validity
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measure what you're supposed to
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External validity
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applies to the real world
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Internal validity
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lack of flaws in the design
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Naturalistic Observations
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watching in real world settings
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Hawthorne effect
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People/animals tend to change their behavior if they know they're being watched
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Social desirability
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People usually change negative behaviors if they know they're being watched
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Structured Observation
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Bring people to lab
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Ethnography
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live with group (tell group the study)
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Participant observation
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Join a group to study but don't tell them why you're there
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Case study
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Usually very detailed of one or a few individuals
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Self-report/survey research
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Questionnaires, interviews
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Correlational Designs
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Scatterplots
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Experimental Designs
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You're manipulating/changing variables
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Independent
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What you manipulate
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Experimental group
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Gets the thing you change
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Control Group
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Doesn't receive ind. variable
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Gene
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DNA with a specific task
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Genotype
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genetic constitution of an organism given at conception
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phenotype
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observable characteristics of an organism that result from genetic at environmental influences
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genetics
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how personality and physical characteristics are passed thru inheritance
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adoption studies
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comparing biological relatives and adopted relatives
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family studies
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looking at identified patient versus parents and siblings
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genetic abnormalities
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looking at genetic malfunction
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heritability
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statistical estimate of the portion of variability in a population caused by differences in heredity
applies to groups, not individuals |
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sensation
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the process of receiving, converting, and transmitting info from the outside world
sensation in receptors, perception in the brain |
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7 senses
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taste, touch, sight, smell, hearing, balance, proprioception
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receptors
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organs that process sensory info
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transduction
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receptors convert stimulus into neural impulses
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sensory reduction
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brain filters out incoming situations so we're not overwhelmed
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bottom-up processing
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make sense of info from receptors to brain
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top-down processing
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previous learning effects what you perceive
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sensory adaptation
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fading of sensation over time
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fovea
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has a high concentration of cones
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What causes your blind spot?
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The optic nerve
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Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
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more correct @ retina level
-3 color receptor systems (red, blue, green) -mixing lights -doesn't explain color blindness or after-images |
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Hering's Opponent-process theory
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more correct in brain
-also 3 color systems (red/green, blue/yellow, black/white) -receptors can only process one at a time -explains white light when blending colors -better explains color-blindness and after-images |
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Depth perception
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accurately estimating the distance to perceived objects and seeing the world in 3 dimensions
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Binocular cues
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using both eyes combined
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Retinal disparity
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your brain gets one pic from each eye that gives us a more complete picture
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Convergence
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objects that are closer to us make our eyes go inward
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Monocular cues
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available to each eye independently
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Accomodation
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changing shape of the lens so it bulges out when things are closer and flattens when things are far away
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Motion Parallax
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When you're moving, objects that are closer go across retina @ faster pace while other objects in the distance move more slowly
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Troxler Effect
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when you're focusing on a central object, you lose info in your periphery
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Place theory
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hairs bend maximally at a single pitch in cochlea
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Frequency theory
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hairs bend and fire signals to brain at same frequency of as the sound
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Gestalt
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we pereive whole objects rather than bits and pieces
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perceptual sets
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we have preconceived notions of what should/what's going to happen
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selective attention
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we attend to things that are of interest to us
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