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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Psychology?
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Study of the brain, behavior, and the cognitive process.
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What distinguishes professional psychology from study by individuals daily?
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Scientific
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2 Categories of Psychologists?
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Practitioners, Academics/Researchers
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What does a practicing psychologist do?
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Help people, easily found in phone book, stereotypical. ex clinical counseling.
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What percentage of psychologists are practicing?
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55-60%
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What does an academic/researching psychologist do?
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Find out, discover. Ex. scientists or professors
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What percentage of psychologists are academics/researchers?
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40-45%
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What percentage are both?
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40%
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How do practitioners get paid?
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Insurance, out of pocket ($80-140/hr), Gov. grants.
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How do academics/researchers get paid?
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Tuition, Tax $, School district $, Gov. grants.
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What are the top 3 positions for psychologists?
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Clinical psych. (private practice, mental hospitals)(43%),Experimental (Universities) (14%), and Counseling (10%).
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Other positions for psychologists?
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Education (6%), Social & Personality (6%), School (Guidance Counselor) (5%), Developmental (5%), Industrial (4%)
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What is a psychiatrist?
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PhD in Psych., MD-able to diagnose and write prescriptions.
(Takes about 8-10 yrs. of schooling.) |
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What were the 2 precursors to Psychology?
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Physiology and Philosophy
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What is the difference between rationalism and empiricism?
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Empiricism requires evidence, sensory observations. (On the field)
Rationalism requires reasons, logic, discussions. (On paper) |
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What is intuitive psychology?
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Intuitive psychology by "gut instinct", feelings, and intuition. Began with first man
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Who was the first to study scientific psychology and when?
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Willhelm Wundt-1879
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What was Wundt's emphasis?
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Contents of conscious experience...analyzed as small units.
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How did Wundt study psych?
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Used dark room-showed images(usually fruit)-asked describe your experience of perception. Ex. apple ("I see red", I see "round", I see smooth")
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Who founded the Structuralist school of thought?
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Edward Titchener
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What was the Structuralist emphasis?
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Same as Wundt (Titchener Translated Wundt's work)
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What was the agenda of Wundt and Titchener's Structuralists?
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Answer the question "What?" in reference to the mind.
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Who was the founder of the Functionalist school of thought?
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William James
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What was the emphasis of the Functionalists?
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The PURPOSE of conscious experience. (Believed you couldn't study the CONTENTS of the mind)
Ex. If you try to study a river, you wouldn't take a bucket and capture the water-it's no longer a part of the river-the river has floated away! |
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What was the agenda of the Functionalists?
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Answer the question "Why?" when in reference to the mind.
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What school of thought did John Watson found?
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BEHAVIORISM
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Importance of Behaviorism?
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Dominated for longest period of time. One of the "Big 3"
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What is the emphasis of behaviorism?
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Observable behavior
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What is the formula for Behaviorism?
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Situations=>Behavior<=>Consequences
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Why did Watson prefer behaviorism?
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"thinking can't be observed, but behavior can"
Study of thinking is more like philosophy-not very scientific Mind is unknowable "mystery box" |
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Who is the most important Behavioralist?
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B.F. Skinner
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What did Skinner add to Watson's approach?
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Watson: Mind is Unknowable
Skinner: Mind is Unknowable and irrelevant Behavior comes from situation/consequences, not from rational thought or "head" |
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What are the ABC's of Behaviorism?
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Antecedents (situations), Behavior, Consequencs.
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What is Skinner's most controversial statement?
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"Free Will is Illusion"
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How does Behaviorism translate into modern politics?
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Conservatives: People have power over their future-can make things happen.
Liberals: Situations overpower people's ability to effect their future. Need level playing field |
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What school of psychology did Sigmund Freud found?
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Psychoanalytic psychology
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What is the emphasis of Psychoanalytic psychology?
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Unconscious motivations, urges
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What is the image that psychoanalysts use?
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Mind is "iceberg"- most important part lies underneath the surface.
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What are the strategies of study used by Freud and Psychoanalysts?
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Dreams
Slips of the tongue (Freudian slip) Free association (word-first thing that comes to mind) Hypnosis (not as important) |
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Who is the founder of Gestalt psychology?
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Max Wertheimer
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What is does "Gestalt" mean in Gestalt Psychology?
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"Whole"
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What is the emphasis of Gestalt Psychology?
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Contents of conscious experience...analyzed as WHOLE units.
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How did Wertheimer come to this idea for studying psychology?
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Saw blinking lights from train.
Lights were blinking separately, but to the human perception, looked like movement. |
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What is the main difference between Wertheimer's study and Wundt's study?
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WHOLE units vs. small units
real time vs. stop action (good for analyzing some things. ex. baseball swing errors) |
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Who is the founder of Humanistic Psychology?
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Abraham Maslow
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What is the emphasis of Humanistic Psychology?
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Goals, life purpose, calling in life
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Who was continued where Maslow left off?
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Carl Rogers
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What is Humanistic Psychology considered?
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Psychology's 3rd force
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By the 1950's which 2 schools of thought remained?
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Behaviorism, Psychoanalytic
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What are the BIG 3 in Psychology?
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Behaviorism, Psychoanalytic, Humanistic?
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What is the most dominant school of psychological thought today?
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Cognitive (Part of the Big 4)
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What is the emphasis of Cognitive Psychology?
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Goals (Humanistic), Conscious (Structuralism), Unconscious (Psychoanalytic)
Ex. VCR understanding of buttons vs. understanding of wires |
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What does Cognitive Psychology mean?
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"In your mind"
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What is Biological Psychology?
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Study of neurons/synapses
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What is Evolutionary Psychology?
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Idea that we have evolved to do what we do-evolved behavior.
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What are the 3 dominant forms of psychology today?
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Cognitive, Biological, Evolutionary
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What are the 2 themes that emerge when studying psychology?
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Theoretical diversity-different perspectives=different types of psychology
Empiricism-a view of how we know "show me" (playing on field (Psychologists rely on this most) |
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What is the purpose of research?
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Talking/going with gut vs. checking out to make sure.
ex. FL State vs. OH State Intuition is not good enough |
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What are the scientific steps in research?
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Formulate Hypothesis
Design a study(see other card) Obtain institutional approval Recruit participants Obtain informed consent Collect data Debrief participants Analyze data Report findings |
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Why are statistics important?
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Give indication if results are trustworthy-can bank on it happening again the same way.
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Why is math important for psychology?
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Need to be able to handle numbers in research results
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What are the 2 main categories of research?
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Descriptive/Correlational
Experimental Research |
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What is the strongest form of research?
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Experimental
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What is Descriptive/Correlational research?
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1. Identify trends/associations of aspects of life by categories. ex. height & weight or female & male
2. Naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys |
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What is Experimental research?
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To have a genuine test-need competing factors
"Relatively powerful-detect cause and effect" |
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What 3 things are required for a genuine experiment?
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1.Independent variables-the competing factors
ex. another team 2.Dependent variables-scoring scheme (gives measurable numbers for results) ex.point value for plays 3. Extraneous variables-anything else that varies that may give one side or another an unfair advantage. Ex. home vs. away Solution-neutral field |
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What are the 2 main ways the nervous system is divided?
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Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System |
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What does the Central Nervous System include?
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Brain & Spinal cord(usually surrounded by bone)
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What are the divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?
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Somatic division (voluntary)-conscious, movement, sensory info.
Autonomic division (automatic)- Heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, perspiration, respiration, pupils of eye |
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What was Neal Miller known for?
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Discovering biofeedback
"In small ways we can learn to control some aspects of our autonomic system" |
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What is the basic unit of the nervous system?
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Neurons
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What are the basic parts of a neuron? (7)
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Soma (cell body), Dendrites (receivers), Axons (senders), Myelin sheath (covers axons-allows neuron pulses to jump nodes and speed up)
Terminal branches (connects to dendrites of next neuron), Synapses (gaps that contain chemicals), neurotransmitters (chemicals secreted into synapses) |
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What are the 2 ways to activate a person?
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Electrically, chemically
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What does Acetycholine affect?
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Motor movements, forming new memories
Lack-amnesia, alzheimers |
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What does Dopamine affect?
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Voluntary movement
Too little-Parkinsons Too much- Schizophrenia |
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What does Norepinephrine affect?
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Mood, arousal
Affected by exercise Lack-depression |
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What does Serotonin affect?
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Mood, arousal
Lack-depression |
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What do Endorphins affect?
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Pain relief, pleasure
Morphine can affect it |
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What is in the hindbrain? (3)
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Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum
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What does the Medulla affect?
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Heart rate, breathing-keeps you alive
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What does the Pons do?
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Affects sleep and dreams
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What does the Cerebellum do?
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Affects balance, coordination, posture
ex. cats have great cerebellum |
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What does the midbrain contain?
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Reticular formation
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What does the Reticular formation do?
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Affects arousal, wakefulness, reflex
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What is in the forebrain? (4)
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Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic System (Hippocampus), Cerebrum
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What does the Thalamus do?
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Relay station for sensory info (except for smell)
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What does the Hypothalamus affect?
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Survival areas: hunger, thirst, sexual activity, aggression, fight-flight reaction
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