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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology
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Science of mental experience and behavior
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Willheim Wundt
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a) Father of psychology; created the 1st psychology lab
b) Came up with the idea of Introspection i) Looking inwards and reporting one’s sensations and perceptions |
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Edward Titchener
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a) From Cornell University; led the Structuralism “school of thought”
b) Structuralism i) Analyze consciousness into basic elements |
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4) William James
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a) From Harvard; led the Functionalism “school of thought”
b) Functionalism i) Function or purpose of consciousness |
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Scientific Method
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a) The orderly, systematic procedures that researchers follow as they identify a research problem
b) Design a problem, collect and analyze data, draw conclusions, and communicate their findings |
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Case Study
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a) Detailed analysis of a single individual
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Naturalistic Observation
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a) Studying behavior as it naturally occurs in real life
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Survey Research
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a) Study of beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors based on people’s answers to questions
b) Random sample- each member of the population must have an equal chance of being included in the survey i) Represents a population ii) Allows you to generalize findings from sample to population |
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Correlation
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a) A measure of a relationship between two variables
i) Whether x is related to y b) Ranges from -1 to +1 |
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Negative Correlation
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a) The more X, the less Y and the less X, the more Y
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Positive Correlation
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a) The more X, the more Y and the less X, the less Y
b) Zero correlation i) No relationship between X and Y |
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Causation
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a) Whether X causes Y
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Causation vs. Correlation
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a) Case study, Naturalistic, and Survey research can only provide clear info. about correlation, not causation
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Experiment
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a) Researcher manipulates the independent variable and observes how this affects the dependent variable
b) Allows us to answer- does x cause y? |
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Independent Variable (IV)
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a) Variable that the researcher changes or control to see if it has a causal effect on the DV
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Dependent variable (DV)
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a) Variable that the researcher measures to see if it is affected by the IV
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Random Assignment
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a) Assigning participants to different IV groups so that each person has an equal chance of being assigned to any groups
b) *Makes the group as similar as possible before we manipulate the IV |
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Biological Perspective
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a) The school of psychology that looks for links between specific behaviors and equally specific biological processes that often help explain individual differences
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Neurons
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a) Cells that make up your nervous system (brain, spine, etc.)
b) Carry info. from sense organs to the central nervous system c) Interpret info and then send command to muscles, glands, and organs |
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Neurotransmitters
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a) Chemical messengers in our body that allows the neurons to communicate with each other
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Dopamine
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a) A neurotransmitter that plays a role in learning, attention, movement, and reinforcement
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Parkinson’s Disease
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a) Results from the death of neurons that produce dopamine
b) Symptoms - difficulty moving, tremors |
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Reticular Formation and Personality
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a) Structure in the brainstem that plays a crucial role in arousal and attention and that screens sensory messages entering the brain
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Hypothalamus
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a) A small but influential brain structure that regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, internal body temperature, other body functions, and a wide variety of emotional behaviors
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Amygdala
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a) A structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in emotion, particularly in response to unpleasant or punishing stimuli
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Hippocampus
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a) A structure in the limbic system that plays a central role in the storing of new memories, the response to new or unexpected stimuli, and navigational ability
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Cerebral Cortex
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a) Covers the cerebral hemispheres and is responsible for the higher mental processes of language, memory, and thinking
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Left Hemisphere of Brain
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a) Controls the right side of the body
b) Involved in language that deals with info in pieces |
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Right hemisphere of Brain
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a) Controls the left side of the body
b) Involved in spatial, musical, artistic abilities, recognition of emotions, deals w/ info in wholes |
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Corpus Callosum
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a) Nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and makes possible the transfer of info and synchronization of activity between the hemispheres
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Frontal lobe
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a) Largest of brain’s lobes
b) Contains the motor cortex, Broca’s area, and the frontal association areas |
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Parietal lobe
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a) the lobes that contain the somatosensory cortex (where touch, pressure, temperature, and pain register) and other areas that are responsible for body awareness and spatial orientation
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Occipital lobe
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a) involved in the reception and interpretation of visual information; they contain the primary visual cortex
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Temporal lobe
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a) involved in the reception and interpretation of auditory information
b) Contain the primary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area, and the temporal association areas |
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Plasticity
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a) Environment can change our brain
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Sensation
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a) Stimulation of sense organs
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Perception
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a) Organization and interpretation of sensory info
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Gestalt Psychology
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a) Perceives objects and patterns as whole units and that the perceived whole is more than the sum of its parts
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Monocular Cues
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a) Clues from objects
i) Object size - smaller image is more distant ii) Interposition - closer object blocks distant object iii) Linear Perspective - parallel lines converge with distant |
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Perceptual Constancy
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a) Perceive objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image
b) Color, shape, and size |
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Expectancy Effects (or Perceptual Set)
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a) An expectation of what will be perceived, which can affect what actually is perceived
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The Unconscious
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a) Knowledge we have that we are not aware of
b) Freud - power of the unconscious mind on behavior c) Challenged the rationality of the person |
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Priming
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a) The unconscious activation of information
b) Used for manipulating the unconscious |
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Elderly Prime Experiment
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a) Certain things may affect our behavior w/o our conscious awareness
b) Our negative stereotypes of other people may backfire |
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Picture Prime Experiment
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a) Power of the unconscious on behavior
b) Our negative and positive stereotypes |
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REM Sleep
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a) Rapid eye movement
b) At stage 5 of sleep; relaxed muscles and dreams |
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Sleep Paralysis
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a) Feeling awake, being able to see and hear, but unable to move (Blackmore)
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Manifest content
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a) Surface meaning of a dream
b) Disguises the actual meaning of a dream |
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Latent content
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a) Hidden “real” meaning of a dream
b) Reveals the unconscious mind |
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Activation-Synthesis Theory
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a) Dreams reflect random brain activity
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Neurocognitive Theory
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a) Dreams are a form of thinking, helping us solve problems
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Parasomnias
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a) Sleep disturbances in which behaviors and physiological states that normally take place only in the waking state occur while a person is sleeping
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Narcolepsy
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a) An incurable sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep
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Insomnia
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a) Sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, by waking too early, or by sleep that is light, restless, or of poor quality
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Hypnosis
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a) State of increased suggestibility
b) Arises from the trusting relationship w/ the hypnotist |
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Behaviorism
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a) Influenced by John Watson in early 1900’s
b) Assumptions: environment plays a powerful role in shaping behavior i) Psychology should only study observations behavior, not processes (inner thoughts and feelings) c) 3 forms of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational conditioning |
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John Watson
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a) established the psychological school of behaviorism
b) also conducted the controversial "Little Albert" experiment |
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Ivan Pavlov
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a) Russian scientist who pioneered classical conditioning and won a Nobel Prize in 1904
b) Pavlov was investigating the gastric function of dogs by externalizing a salivary gland so he could collect, measure, and analyze the saliva |
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Classical Conditioning
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a) Type of learning through which organisms learns to associate one stimulus with another
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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a) A stimulus that naturally triggers a response
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Conditioned Stimulus
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a) An originally neutral stimulus that after paired with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
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Generalization
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a) When a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus produces similar responses
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Discrimination
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a) Distinguishing between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli
b) Other stimuli do not produce the conditioned response |
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B.F Skinner
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a) Claimed that inner mental events (behaviors) are shaped and determined by environmental forces; did research in operant conditioning
b) Wrote Walden Two c) Believes free will is an illusion |
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Operant Conditioning
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a) A type of conditioning in which a reinforcement (or a punishment) is used to shape behavior
b) We learn to associate a response and its consequence |
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Reinforcement
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a) Any event that follows a response and strengthens or increases the probability that the response will be repeated
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Punishment
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a) Given after the undesired behavior
b) Makes the behavior less likely in the future c) Problems with punishment i) Behavior returns when punisher is no longer there ii) Causes aggression iii) Teaches people how to avoid punishment |
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Fixed-Ratio Schedule
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a) Reinforces a behavior only after a specific number of behaviors have been done
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Variable-Ratio Schedule
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a) Reinforces a behavior after an unpredictable number of behaviors have been done
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Fixed-Interval Schedule
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a) Reinforces a behavior only after a specific time period has gone by
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Variable-Interval Schedule
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a) Reinforces a behavior at unpredictable time periods
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Fixed = Predictable
Variable = Unpredictable |
i) Ratio = # of responses Interval = amount of time passing
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Observational Learning (or Social Learning)
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a) Learning by observing the behaviors of others
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Bandura’s Bobo Experiment
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a) Shows the power of observational learning
b) Kids who saw aggressive adult later behaved more aggressively toward the Bobo doll |
