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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sensory memory
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ms to a few seconds
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short term memory
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a few seconds (memory that attention was paid)
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long term memory
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memory that was rehearsed and retrieved (minutes --> forever)
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iconic
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visual memory
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echoic
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auditory memory
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Expt: Flashing letters. People had poor recall
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People's memory of the letters faded by the time they named a few letters.
Given a row to concentrate on remembering immediately after seeing them produced better recall |
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Change blindness/inattentional blindness
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Expt in which experimenter asks strangers for directions and asker switches with another person halfway through and stranger doesn't notice 50% of the time.
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Dichotic listening paradigm "shadowing"
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2 different stories played in ears, repeat/"shadow" one story aloud. Other story is not remembered
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Cocktail Party Effect
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focusing on one conversation with background conversations until ears "perk up" at the sound of your name or something familiar
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Attention
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controls the flow from sensory to short-term memory
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Short Term Memory equation
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7 +/- 2 bits of info (George Miller)
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Chunking
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creating meaningful units with non-related bits of info
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maintenance rehearsal
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repeating info over and over (less effective)
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elaborative rehearsal
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relating new info to info you already know
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Permastore
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relatively stable, long-lasting knowledge maintained without rehearsal
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In a sequence of words, which ones are most easily recalled?
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Words presented first and last
(Short term memory) |
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Recency Effect
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recent rehearsal keeps info in short-term memory at test
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Primacy Effect
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early rehearsal moves into to short-term
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Speed
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affects primacy but not recency
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Interference
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hurts Recency but not Primacy
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Schema
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cognitive structure/mental framework to organize info and frame future understanding
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Misinformation Effect
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exposure to inaccurate info can lead to production of that info later
(Eg. How fast were cars going when they ___ each other?" Words: smashed, collided, bumped, hit) |
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Sir Frederick Barlett (tie guy)
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Came up with Schema idea
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Encoding
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mental processes involved in getting info into memory
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Next in line effect
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when you're up next, you do not pay attention to the person going in front of you, you're just rehearsing what you're going to do.
No encoding when other things are occupying your brain. |
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Storage
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keeping info in memory
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Encoding specificity
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retrieval affected by overlap between encoding and retrieval conditions
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Testing effect
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testing to-be-learned info improves memory more than repeated study
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Nondeclarative Memory
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Implicit. Procedural, Priming, and conditioning
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Declarative Memory
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Explicit. Episodic (events) and Semantic (where one was born)
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Amnesia
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Declarative damaged (can't create new episodic memories) but nondeclarative memory still intact
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Conditioning
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environmental stimulus leads to a specific behavior without one's realization (Pavlov's dog)
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Priming
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behavior affected by a previous stimulus during a later stimulus
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Clive Wearing (wake up guy)
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large-scale damage to his brain. Feels like he's constantly "waking up". Profound amnesia
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retrograde
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can't remember what happened before event, or for a while before
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anterograde
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inability to remember anything afterwards
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H.M. (Henry Molaison)
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Had severe epilepsy. At age 27 underwent surgery to remove parts of brain responsible for seizures, including hippocampus. After surgery, couldn't make any new memories. (Anterograde amnesia) Remembered childhood.
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Gestalt Psychologists belief
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The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
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Structuralists
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taking apart the components of perception
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perceptual grouping
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similarity, proximity, continuation, closure,
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bottom-up processing
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data are relayed from one processing level to the next, always moving to a higher level of processing
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top-down processing
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info at higher levels of processing can influence lower, "earlier" levels in the processing hierarchy
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behaviorist
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ignores mental behavior (eg Pavlov, John Watson, BF Skinner)
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Memory
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retention of info over time
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Kim Peak (Rainman)
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Below average IQ. Memorized thousands of books, zip codes, phone books
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Akira Haraguchi
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recited pi up to 100,000 digits, took 16 hours. (by chunking)
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sevants
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below average IQ but mentally talented elsewhere
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Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM Paradigm)
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association of words make you think of words not listed/explicitly said. (Eg. needle!)
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Field perspective
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memory visualized like you are seeing it
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Observer perspective
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Seeing yourself in the mental picture
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Corpus callosum
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allows signals to send across the right and left lobes
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Ability to speak
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left brain
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Split Brain Video
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Person's corpus callosum was cut out so the 2 lobes could no longer communicate. Can't name object on the left side, but can draw it out (right hem-spatial process).
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sensation
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detection and initial transformation of physical E by sense organs
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Perception
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interpretation of raw sensory inputs
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law of specific energies
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regardless of type of stimulus, will get the same kind of sensation from receptor (Eg. Nose producing smell regardless of stimulus)
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Color is a property of light (T/F)
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False. it's due to perception of our eyes.
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Wavelength and Amplitude with regards to Color
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Wavelength: color perceived
Amplitude: Brightness |
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cornea
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covers and protects eye
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pupil
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opening in front of eye, allows light into eye
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Iris
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muscle around pupil and controls pupil's size
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lens
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refracts light and focuses it at back of the eye
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retina
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(back of the eye) contains photoreceptors. Translates stimuli into signals
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optic disc
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where retinal (ganglion) cells exit eye. ("blind spot" in each eye)
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fovea
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most direct place when you look at something
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Rods & cones
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receptor cells.
Light signals --> brain --> neural signals |
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Cones (in fovea)
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bright light, color & detail. Difficult to see in dark
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Rods (near retina's edges)
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dim illumination (night vision), little detail, no color
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Photoreceptors/Ganglion cells cause Action Potential?
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Ganglion cells --> brain (via optic disc) --> sends AP
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What in carrots "improves" vision?
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Rhodopsin in rods
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Retina --> optic nerve --> ?
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Thalamus. (1st synapse here. 1st time it meets another neuron)
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Thalamus located?
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Occipital lobe
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feature detectors
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responds to very specific stimuli (horizontal lines only, or diagonal lines only)
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Pattern of stimulation in retina Order? (High level analyzers, decisions, feature detectors)
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Feature detectors --> High-level analyzers --> Decisions
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Visual transduction order
- thalamus - rods & cones - retina - optic nerve - light stimulus - ganglion |
Light stimulus --> retina --> rods & cones photoreceptors --> ganglion cells fire AP --> optic nerve --> thalamus
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Red wavelength and violet wavelength
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Red: 700nm (absorbs short and medium, reflects long)
Violet: 400 nm |
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white light vs black color
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white: all wavelengths of light reflected into eyes
black: all wavelengths absorbed |
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Color vision is Caused by?
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Cones in Center of retina
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Trichromatic theory
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3 types of cones create all colors in eyes (blue, green, and red)
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Anomalous Trichromacy
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altered spectral sensitivity in one type of cone (but do see colors)
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Deuteranomaly
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Red/green colorblindness
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Monochromats
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missing 2 or 3 cone types. Don't see any color at all, just grays.
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Belladonna (deadly nightshade)
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poisonous plant. Used for makeup for women. Reddened cheeks and dilated pupils
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Opponent-Process Theory
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red & green
blue & yellow black & white Can't see a "reddish green" |
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Frequency & Amplitude for Sound
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Freq (Hz): pitch
Amp (dB) : loudness |
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Auditory Pathway
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Sound waves --> Pinna (outer ear) --> Ear Drum --> hammer --> anvil --> stirrup --> oval window --> cochlea --> basilar membrane --> cilia bend against tectorial membrane--> causes change in membrane potential (ion channels) in auditory receptors --> auditory neurons fire AP --> temporal lobe
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prosopagnosia
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deficits in the ability to recognize faces
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binocular disparity
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difference in image registered by each retina.
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convergence
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crossing eyes.
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monocular depth cues
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can perceive depth even with only 1 eye
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Interposition
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if an object partially blocks the view of another object, we perceive it as closer
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Hippocrates's 4 Humors
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Blood (lust)
Phlegm (calm) Yellow bile (anger) Black bile (depression) |
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Dualism (Decartes)
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mind and body are separate
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Monism
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mind and body are inseparable
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PNS
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Peripheral NS- interact with outside world (somatic NS) and regulate internal world (Autonomic NS)
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gyrus
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protrusions on brain
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sulcus
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folds in brain
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monoreflex connection
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knee kicking
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withdrawal reflex
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touching hot stuff
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Neurons communicate?
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Stimulus stimulates neuron --> chemical change --> AP --> release of NTs --> stimulate other neurons
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multiple schlerosis
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breakdown of myelin sheath
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Broca's Area
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problems with speech production but no problem with speech comprehension
"Bro-Pro[blems] Speech Pro[duction]" |
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Wernicke's Area
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problem with comprehension but no problems with speech production
"Chatty Wernicke" |
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hawthorne effect
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people change their behavior when they're being observed
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TMS
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strong magnets temporarily interrupt brain activity
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